Konrad Nering and Kazimierz Rup
For internal flows with small values of the Reynolds number, there is often at a considerable distance from the pipe inlet cross-section a change of the flow form from laminar to…
Abstract
Purpose
For internal flows with small values of the Reynolds number, there is often at a considerable distance from the pipe inlet cross-section a change of the flow form from laminar to turbulent. To describe this phenomenon of laminar-turbulent transition in the pipe, also parallel-plate channel flow, a modified algebraic intermittency model was used. The original model for bypass transition developed by S. Kubacki and E. Dick was designed for simulating bypass transition in turbomachinery.
Design/methodology/approach
A modification of mentioned model was proposed. Modified model is suitable for simulating internal flows in pipes and parallel-plate channels. Implementation of the modified model was made using the OpenFOAM framework. Values of several constants of the original model were modified.
Findings
For selected Reynolds numbers and turbulence intensities (Tu), localization of laminar breakdown and fully turbulent flow was presented. Results obtained in this work were compared with corresponding experimental results available in the literature. It is particularly worth noting that asymptotic values of wall shear stress in flow channels and asymptotic values of axis velocity obtained during simulations are similar to related experimental and theoretical results.
Originality/value
The modified model allows precision numerical simulation in the area of transitional flow between laminar, intermittent and turbulent flows in pipes and parallel-plate channels. Proposed modified algebraic intermittency model presented in this work is described by a set of two additional partial differential equations corresponding with k-omega turbulence model presented by Wilcox (Wilcox, 2006).
Tina Flaherty, Christine Domegan and Mihir Anand
With the explosion of digital technologies in contemporary daily life, fuelled by a pandemic and remote working, online learning and shopping and the proliferation of social…
Abstract
Purpose
With the explosion of digital technologies in contemporary daily life, fuelled by a pandemic and remote working, online learning and shopping and the proliferation of social platforms, much remains nebulous about the opportunities these technologies hold for social marketers beyond their previously documented use as communication and promotion tools. This paper aims to provide a rich examination of the variety of digital technologies used within social marketing and establish the scale of integration between digital technologies and social marketing.
Design/methodology/approach
Following systematic literature review procedures, a systematic literature review through eight databases was conducted. The systematic review focussed on the assessment of social marketing studies that incorporated a wide range of mature and emerging digital technologies such as the internet, mobile platforms and social media channels. A total of 50 social marketing studies (2014–2020) were analysed.
Findings
The review found that there have been major advancements in the technologies available to social marketers in recent years. Furthermore, the adoption of digital technologies by social marketers has evolved from a communication or promotion function where generic information is pushed to the citizen, towards the use of these technologies for a more personalised design, content and behaviour change intervention. In some studies, the digital technologies were the primary means for interactions and collaborations to take place. The review also found that digital technologies target more than the individual citizen. Digital technologies are used to target multi-level stakeholders, policy makers and partners as part of behavioural change interventions.
Originality/value
Only two previous reviews have synthesised digital technologies and their use in social marketing. This review provides a recent depiction of the range and scale of integration within social marketing. Specifically, it demonstrates the expansion beyond a persuasive application to their use for research, segmentation and targeting, collaboration and co-creation, the product and facilitator of service delivery. Finally, this review provides a heat map to illustrate the integration between digital technologies and key concepts and criteria within social marketing.
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David James Schmidtke, Krzysztof Kubacki and Sharyn Rundle-Thiele
This study aims to review social marketing interventions reported in peer-reviewed literature from 2010 to 2019 that were conducted in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to review social marketing interventions reported in peer-reviewed literature from 2010 to 2019 that were conducted in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This paper seeks to further contribute to understanding on the health of the social marketing field, synthesising studies to examine the extent of use of social marketing’s core principles.
Design/methodology/approach
A total of 17 interventions, discussed in 31 papers, were identified in the review. Social marketing interventions were assessed against eight elements (social marketing benchmark criteria): behavioural objectives, customer orientation, theory, insight, exchange, competition, segmentation and methods mix.
Findings
Evidence in this review found that most interventions yielded positive outcomes. This supports social marketing’s efficacy in addressing the United Nations sustainable development goals within LMIC contexts. None of the social marketing interventions used all eight benchmark criteria. The study found that there was limited use of insight, competition and segmentation principles followed in social marketing interventions in LMICs. Finally, although present in a number of studies, theory and customer orientation were not applied to the full extent needed.
Research limitations/implications
Findings indicate the social marketing field will greatly benefit from capacity building and training. Too few interventions labelled as social marketing are able to clearly apply and report application of social marketing’s fundamental principles, which is limiting programme effectiveness.
Originality/value
To date evidence reviews draw on interventions applied in high-income countries demonstrating extent of application of fundamental social marketing principles positively linked to behaviour change. This study extends the assessment of social marketing principles, delivering assessment of eight benchmarks encompassing insight and theory in an LMIC setting, demonstrating gaps in application and clear examples of application across all benchmarks to deliver a guide that people new to the social marketing field can follow.
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Foluké Abigail Badejo, Sharyn Rundle-Thiele and Krzysztof Kubacki
Responding to the call for an extension of social marketing scope and application, this paper aims to outline implementation of a multi-stream, multi-method formative research…
Abstract
Purpose
Responding to the call for an extension of social marketing scope and application, this paper aims to outline implementation of a multi-stream, multi-method formative research approach to understanding human trafficking in the global South context of Nigeria.
Design/methodology/approach
Data were collected using a multi-method, multi-stream research design. The study used alternative methods allowing a critical perspective to be taken.
Findings
Contradictions between upstream discourses and the lived experiences of trafficked individuals emerged. Specifically, moral and rational agency ideology, which conflates human trafficking with prostitution, unintentionally promotes human trafficking and underrepresents other forms of trafficking was evident. Experiences of socioeconomic oppression, traditional practices and an aspirational culture fuels positive attitudes towards human trafficking. The lived experience of human trafficking survivors while varied was underpinned by the common theme of job seeking. Participants perceived human traffickers as benevolent users rather than oppressors, and their rescue as oppressive and disempowering.
Research limitations/implications
Application of a multi-stream approach is limited by research context, sample size, time and cost constraints. Future research extending the multi-stream research approach to other research contexts and groups is recommended.
Practical implications
Multi-stream formative research design assisted to yield wider insights, which informed the design of a multilevel pilot intervention to combat human trafficking in Nigeria.
Originality/value
Extending understanding beyond individual, myopic approaches that have dominated social marketing formative research.
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James Durl, Timo Dietrich and Krzysztof Kubacki
Gamified and engaging school-based alcohol social marketing programs have demonstrated effectiveness; however, wide-scale dissemination of these programs is limited by their…
Abstract
Purpose
Gamified and engaging school-based alcohol social marketing programs have demonstrated effectiveness; however, wide-scale dissemination of these programs is limited by their resource-intensive character. The purpose of this paper is to address this limitation, a brief alcohol social marketing pilot program was derived from a comprehensive alcohol social marketing program to compare effectiveness.
Design/methodology/approach
A sample of 115 14–16-year-old adolescents from six secondary schools participated in the brief alcohol social marketing pilot program. Program effectiveness was assessed using repeated measure analysis on adolescents’ knowledge, attitudes, social norms, self-efficacy and intentions to binge drink. Results were compared with the comprehensive social marketing program and a control group.
Findings
The brief pilot program produced statistically significant outcomes for the same measures as the comprehensive program across attitudinal variables, descriptive norms and opportunistic self-efficacy.
Research limitations/implications
Converting existing social marketing programs into brief alternates is more cost-effective and, in this case, demonstrated better outcome effects. However, findings are limited as in-depth comparisons were hindered by changes to content across program modes. No process for converting comprehensive programs into brief alternates was identified prior to this study, and therefore a number of considerations for program alteration were derived from program facilitator experiences.
Originality/value
The findings provide initial evidence that a brief version of an existing comprehensive program can be an effective alternate to more resource-intensive programs under more cost-effective circumstances for program developers and facilitators.
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Anuj Kumar Shukla and Anupam Dewan
Convective heat transfer features of a turbulent slot jet impingement are comprehensively studied using two different computational approaches, namely, URANS (unsteady…
Abstract
Purpose
Convective heat transfer features of a turbulent slot jet impingement are comprehensively studied using two different computational approaches, namely, URANS (unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations) and SAS (scale-adaptive simulation). Turbulent slot jet impingement heat transfer is used where a considerable heat transfer enhancement is required, and computationally, it is a quite challenging flow configuration.
Design/methodology/approach
Customized OpenFOAM 4.1, an open-access computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, is used for SAS (SST-SAS k-ω) and URANS (standard k-ε and SST k-ω) computations. A low-Re version of the standard k-ε model is used, and other models are formulated for good wall-refined calculations. Three turbulence models are formulated in OpenFOAM 4.1 with second-order accurate discretization schemes.
Findings
It is observed that the profiles of the streamwise turbulence are under-predicted at all the streamwise locations by SST k-ω and SST SAS k-ω models, but follow similar trends as in the reported results. The standard k-ε model shows improvements in the predictions of the streamwise turbulence and mean streamwise velocity profiles in the zone of outer wall jet. Computed profiles of Nusselt number by SST k-ω and SST-SAS k-ω models are nearly identical and match well with the reported experimental results. However, the standard k-ε model does not provide a reasonable profile or quantification of the local Nusselt number.
Originality/value
Hybrid turbulence model is suitable for efficient CFD computations for the complex flow problems. This paper deals with a detailed comparison of the SAS model with URANS and LES for the first time in the literature. A thorough assessment of the computations is performed against the results reported using experimental and large eddy simulations techniques followed by a detailed discussion on flow physics. The present results are beneficial for scientists working with hybrid turbulence models and in industries working with high-efficiency cooling/heating system computations.
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Slawomir Kubacki, Jacek Rokicki and Erik Dick
Applicability of two k‐ω hybrid RANS/LES and a k‐ω RANS models is studied for simulation of round impinging jets at nozzle‐plate distance H/D=2 with Reynolds number 70000, H/D=2…
Abstract
Purpose
Applicability of two k‐ω hybrid RANS/LES and a k‐ω RANS models is studied for simulation of round impinging jets at nozzle‐plate distance H/D=2 with Reynolds number 70000, H/D=2 with Reynolds number 5000 and H/D=10 with Reynolds number 5000 (D is the nozzle exit diameter). The aim is to verify two concepts of unified hybrid RANS/LES formulations, one of DES (Detached Eddy Simulation) type and one of LNS (Limited Number Scales) type in analysis of impinging jet flow and heat transfer. The grid resolution requirements are also discussed.
Design/methodology/approach
The simulations are performed with two k‐ω based hybrid RANS/LES models of very different nature, one of DES type and one of LNS type, and the RANS k‐ω model. For the lower Reynolds number (5000), also dynamic Smagorinsky LES is done. Both hybrid model formulations converge to the same RANS k‐ω model in the near‐wall region and have the same Smagorinsky limit on fine isotropic grids in the LES mode of the hybrid models.
Findings
With the hybrid RANS/LES models, improved fluid flow and heat transfer results are obtained compared to RANS, in the impact region and in the developing wall‐jet region. For accurate predictions at low nozzle‐plate distance, where the impact region is in the core of the jet, it is necessary to sufficiently resolve the formation and breakup of the near‐wall vortices in the jet impingement region and the developing wall‐jet region, as these determine largely the level of fluctuating velocity and the heat transfer. This requires high grid resolution for high Reynolds number, while the grid resolution requirements stay modest for low Reynolds number.
Originality/value
The paper demonstrates that two formulations of hybrid RANS/LES models of different nature, one of DES type and one of LES type, lead to equivalent results. Consistency has been guaranteed in the sense that the RANS limit of both models is the same and that the LES limit on fine, isotropic, grids is the same. In the intermediate range, however, the repartition into resolved and modelled fluctuations may differ considerably.
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Pamela Saleme and Bo Pang
Active school travel (AST) programmes aim to change commuting behaviour to improve children's physical and mental health. However, very limited health education programmes for…
Abstract
Purpose
Active school travel (AST) programmes aim to change commuting behaviour to improve children's physical and mental health. However, very limited health education programmes for children use segmentation to create tailored solutions that understand the specific characteristics of each group of children and their caregivers in order to yield better results. The aim of this study is to use a statistical segmentation analysis (two-step cluster analysis) to gain insights on the examination of specific groups to design future health education interventions and campaigns that can improve children's health.
Design/methodology/approach
Guided by the Ecological and Cognitive Active Commuting (ECAC) framework, a market segmentation analysis was performed. An online survey was designed to collect data from caregivers of children between 5 and 12 years attending school and responsible for taking the child to and/or from school in Victoria and Queensland, Australia. Using 3,082 responses collected from Australian caregivers of primary school children, a two-step cluster analysis was performed.
Findings
Analysis revealed the most important variables for group formation were previous child walking behaviour, distance from school and caregiver income. Perceived risk of the physical environment was the most important psychographic segmentation variable for group formation, followed by social norms. Four distinct groups with different characteristics were identified from the analysis.
Originality/value
This is the first study that applies the ECAC framework to perform market segmentation in the AST context. Results revealed four market segments that demand different tailored solutions. Findings shed light on how to better design AST interventions and campaigns to promote children's health using segmentation techniques.
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This paper aims to understand how place brand managers in the US Deep South understand the brand images associated with their states and cities. The US South has its own unique…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to understand how place brand managers in the US Deep South understand the brand images associated with their states and cities. The US South has its own unique identity – and the Deep South has its own differences from the rest of the country. Typically, the Deep South is seen as backwards, uneducated and the “buckle of the Bible Belt”. Given potentially negative brand associations, this research explores how destination marketing organization (DMO) managers in three Deep South states (Mississippi, Louisiana and Alabama) think their places are perceived.
Design/methodology/approach
Miles et al.’s (2014) guidelines for qualitative content analysis are used to understand responses to open-ended questions regarding place brand associations. Surveys were sent to 104 DMO managers in each state, and 53 questionnaires were returned with usable responses. Deductive and inductive analyses were used to understand place brand associations, as well as how managers in the three states are promoting positive associations or correcting negative ones.
Findings
Managers reported both positive and negative brand associations but also detailed problems when promoting either: financial and political constraints, information sharing, and asset capitalization. Managers, then, face issues when trying to promote their cities and states, thus negatively influencing the economic and social returns on tourism investment into the region.
Originality/value
Not many studies examine this region of the USA when it comes to tourism-related brand associations. Usually studies focus more broadly on a Southern identity rather than specific associations DMO managers understand the state to maintain. The study also fills a gap regarding asking DMO managers how and why they do what they do. Finally, the study puts into action Gertner and Kotler’s (2004) framework for assessing corrective measures for a negative brand image.
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Aimee Riedel, Rory Mulcahy, Amanda Beatson and Byron Keating
This paper aims to report on the first comprehensive, social marketing systematic review of interventions targeting illicit drug use by young adults.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to report on the first comprehensive, social marketing systematic review of interventions targeting illicit drug use by young adults.
Design/methodology/approach
A total of 3,169 papers were screened, with 20 relevant empirical studies meeting the eligibility criteria for the systematic review. These were analysed according to Andreasen’s (2002) and NSMC’s (2006) social marketing benchmarks.
Findings
The findings provide evidence regarding the efficacy of behavioural and clinical interventions targeting individuals and groups, including motivational, life skills training, cognitive behavioural therapy, comprehensive health and social risk assessments and buprenorphine treatment interventions. Further, results evidence that there is yet to be an intervention which has implemented the full marketing mix, and limited studies have used the social marketing benchmarks of exchange and competition.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and provide key recommendations outlining the potential for social marketing to support the improved uptake and efficacy of interventions. A research agenda is also put forward to direct future social marketing scholarship in the area of young adult drug interventions.