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Article
Publication date: 1 December 2000

S. Ginzburg and E.M. Dar‐El

Some of the conventions regarding relearning of complex tasks (requiring both psychomotor and procedural skills) are well known, especially as relating to retention curves. Still…

1888

Abstract

Some of the conventions regarding relearning of complex tasks (requiring both psychomotor and procedural skills) are well known, especially as relating to retention curves. Still lacking, however, is information which better clarifies the relationship between relearning and skill retention. The purpose of this study was to examine this relationship while identifying the parameter affecting the duration between training intervals, in order to maintain a high level of performance. Two additional aspects were examined in this study: actual differences in the measure of decrease in the operator’s level for various task dimensions and the implication for integrating a simulator in the refresher training program. This study conducted a controlled field experiment in a military electronic warfare unit, examining refresher training of reserve soldiers operating a complex electronic system. Examination of the study’s hypotheses and analysis of the experiment’s results indicated a cyclical behavioral model of the retention curve and the relearning aspects involved (training intervals, “warming up” phenomenon, model boundaries etc.). This result necessitates the inclusion of the retention curve within the framework of the instruction task analysis (especially with training programs which include refresher training). It should be noted that the study’s conclusions are valid not merely for military tasks, but are also valid for implementation in complex civilian tasks.

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Journal of Workplace Learning, vol. 12 no. 8
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1366-5626

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Book part
Publication date: 16 December 2017

John B. Davis

In his 1931 unpublished “Surplus Product” manuscript Sraffa used an open–closed distinction to explain the relationship between the “economic field” and distribution. This chapter…

Abstract

In his 1931 unpublished “Surplus Product” manuscript Sraffa used an open–closed distinction to explain the relationship between the “economic field” and distribution. This chapter examines Sraffa’s thinking in this regard, and shows how it allowed him to resolve a problem he encountered in his early objectivist representation of commodity production in economies with a surplus. The chapter argues that Sraffa adopted a view different from Bertalanffy’s general systems theory understanding of open and closed systems developed around the same time in such a way as to address the specific nature of economics. The chapter compares two related interpretations of Sraffa’s thinking in regard to the open–closed distinction developed by Arena and Ginzburg, and also addresses how Sraffa’s thinking regarding open and closed systems compares with similar thinking of Wittgenstein and Gramsci. The concluding discussion contrasts Sraffa’s causal reasoning with mainstream economics’ ceteris paribus method of causal reasoning.

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Including a Symposium on New Directions in Sraffa Scholarship
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78714-539-9

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Book part
Publication date: 15 September 2021

Alex Tepperman

Abstract

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History & Crime
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-80117-699-6

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Book part
Publication date: 16 December 2017

Riccardo Bellofiore and Scott Carter

Resurgent interest in the life and work of the Italian Cambridge economist Piero Sraffa is leading to New Directions in Sraffa Scholarship. This chapter introduces readers to some…

Abstract

Resurgent interest in the life and work of the Italian Cambridge economist Piero Sraffa is leading to New Directions in Sraffa Scholarship. This chapter introduces readers to some of these developments. First and perhaps foremost is the fact that as of September 2016 Sraffa’s archival material has been uploaded onto the website of the Wren Library, Trinity College, Cambridge University, as digital colour images; this chapter introduces readers to the history of these events. This history provides sharp relief on the extant debates over the role of the archival material in leading to the final publication of Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities, and readers are provided a brief sketch of these matters. The varied nature of Sraffa scholarship is demonstrated by the different aspects of Sraffa’s intellectual legacy which are developed and discussed in the various entries of our Symposium. The conclusion is reached that we are on the cusp of an exciting phase change of tremendous potential in Sraffa scholarship.

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Including a Symposium on New Directions in Sraffa Scholarship
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78714-539-9

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Article
Publication date: 1 April 1980

A. MUIR and M.W. WARNER

Tolerance automata are defined and a decomposition theory for such entities is sought. It is shown that two major procedures of the classical algebraic theory produce difficulties…

21

Abstract

Tolerance automata are defined and a decomposition theory for such entities is sought. It is shown that two major procedures of the classical algebraic theory produce difficulties in the tolerance case. A weaker approach, employing the idea of inertial tolerance, is presented. Finally, an explicit example is given which illustrates both the difficulties encountered and the theorems proved in the text.

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Kybernetes, vol. 9 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0368-492X

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Article
Publication date: 20 May 2021

Tianyuan Yu and Albert J. Mills

The purpose of this paper is to examine the cultural learning process (namely, the development, practice and enhancement of cultural intelligence (CQ)) of a successful…

412

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the cultural learning process (namely, the development, practice and enhancement of cultural intelligence (CQ)) of a successful entrepreneur – Harold Bixby, a Pan American Airways expatriate, as reflected in the memoir of his experiences in China during 1933–1938.

Design/methodology/approach

This study adopts a microhistory approach as a methodology for studying history and the past while ultimately requiring evaluations informed by the present. This paper first identifies the literature gap on CQ development and the need to study historical accounts of the past in assessing the CQ development process. This study then outlines the four key foci of microhistory as a heuristic for making sense of on-going and past accounts of selected phenomena.

Findings

This paper finds that specific personality traits (namely, openness to experience and self-efficacy), knowledge accumulation through deep cultural immersion (namely, extensive reading/study, visiting/observation and interacting/conversation), critical incident and metacognition all contributed to Bixby’s CQ development, which was a time-consuming process.

Originality/value

The study contributes to debates around cultural learning and historical organization studies by providing a rich, qualitative study of CQ assessment and CQ development through microhistory. This study highlights the importance of cognitive CQ and the function of extensive reading/studying in the process of knowledge accumulation. This paper draws attention to critical incidents as an underexplored way of learning tacit knowledge. Moreover, this study suggests metacognitive CQ can be enhanced through meditative and reflexive teaching and research practices. These findings have significant implications for cross-cultural training programs.

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Journal of Management History, vol. 27 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1751-1348

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Book part
Publication date: 30 September 2016

Marina Bianchi and Maurizio Franzini

Albert Hirschman always distinguished himself by his unique approach in tackling economic problems, an approach that moved easily from literature and philosophy to political…

Abstract

Albert Hirschman always distinguished himself by his unique approach in tackling economic problems, an approach that moved easily from literature and philosophy to political economy and social psychology, without ever losing sight of the real workings of social and political life.

The papers collected here stemmed from a desire to know more closely this rare economist who used the tools and features of one discipline to throw light upon those of another.

The methodological stance is the first element that emerges either explicitly or implicitly from this collection of papers: Hirschman’s suspicion of all-encompassing theories and their issue in encompassing plans – development plans in particular. His was a piecemeal approach targeting the scarcest of all factors, such as the ability to mobilize resources and to solve problems. This matched Hirschman’s own view that “petites idées,” to look at problems in the small, form the material for further observations and insights.

The second element that emerges from these papers is the richness of themes explored – from how to voice reasons for one’s disappointment and distrust to the role of countervailing passions in institutional development, from the “bias for hope” to the problem of inequality – but also the strong connections that exist among them. These connections revolve around the problem of economic change and its dynamics: how to explain it, how to promote it.

Yet, no matter which of Hirschman’s works we pick up for the first time or rediscover, we cannot avoid seeing that besides the scientist with his microscopic lenses, there is also the artist who looks at problems not for the final truth they might hide or the definite solution, but to make us aware of them, to open our eyes to curiosity and wonder. This is a difficult lesson, but not one Hirschman will let us forget.

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Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78560-962-6

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Article
Publication date: 22 March 2022

Zhanpeng Shen, Chaoping Zang, Xueqian Chen, Shaoquan Hu and Xin-en Liu

For fast calculation of complex structure in engineering, correlations among input variables are often ignored in uncertainty propagation, even though the effect of ignoring these…

123

Abstract

Purpose

For fast calculation of complex structure in engineering, correlations among input variables are often ignored in uncertainty propagation, even though the effect of ignoring these correlations on the output uncertainty is unclear. This paper aims to quantify the inputs uncertainty and estimate the correlations among them acorrding to the collected observed data instead of questionable assumptions. Moreover, the small size of the experimental data should also be considered, as it is such a common engineering problem.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, a novel method of combining p-box with copula function for both uncertainty quantification and correlation estimation is explored. Copula function is utilized to estimate correlations among uncertain inputs based upon the observed data. The p-box method is employed to quantify the input uncertainty as well as the epistemic uncertainty associated with the limited amount of the observed data. Nested Monte Carlo sampling technique is adopted herein to ensure that the propagation is always feasible. In addition, a Kriging model is built up to reduce the computational cost of uncertainty propagation.

Findings

To illustrate the application of this method, an engineering example of structural reliability assessment is performed. The results indicate that it may significantly affect output uncertainty whether to quantify the correlation among input variables. Furthermore, an additional advantage for risk management is obtained in this approach due to the separation of aleatory and epistemic uncertainties.

Originality/value

The proposed method takes advantage of p-box and copula function to deal with the correlations and limited amount of the observed data, which are two important issues of uncertainty quantification in engineering. Thus, it is practical and has the ability to predict accurate response uncertainty or system state.

Details

Engineering Computations, vol. 39 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0264-4401

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Article
Publication date: 6 September 2019

Lyudmila Shilova, Svetlana Masterskikh, Elena Mensh and Maria Zemlyanova

The purpose of this paper is to determine the level of intrinsic motivation of primary-school-age children alongside the factors that influence these levels when learning English.

1187

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to determine the level of intrinsic motivation of primary-school-age children alongside the factors that influence these levels when learning English.

Design/methodology/approach

This goal was reached through a study that was conducted in four educational establishments of Tyumen. The study benefits from qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative part consists of an experiment in a group setting. Two groups of students were learning under two different programmes and the teachers were making records of student outcomes, interest in learning and motivation. The findings demonstrate that the level of motivation/interest is higher when interactive techniques (appropriate for the age of students) are in use. The quantitative part involved a survey to identify intrinsic motivations by completing which the students revealed high and medium levels of motivation/interest to learn.

Findings

The findings can be used when updating or re-designing education programmes and when creating new methods for teaching English in Russian educational establishments.

Originality/value

Giving the schoolchildren a motivation to learn is, without any exaggeration, one of the central problems in modern school. Teaching English as a foreign language to students of younger age (schoolchildren) requires a special approach due to special psychological and mental characteristics that these students have. The scholars have established that learning of foreign languages happens best at a very young age. However, without proper methods of teaching, teachers will not be able to reach the learning objectives, which they were attempting to reach. The reason for this effect is simple. The way the subject is taught is expected to spark interest but with the lack of interest in the subject, students will not feel sufficiently motivated to actually learn something. Hence, motivation is essential for learning any foreign language. In the home setting, motivation to learn, as well as a positive learning environment, is the responsibility of parents.

Details

International Journal of Educational Management, vol. 34 no. 9
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0951-354X

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Book part
Publication date: 16 November 2023

Arta Jalili Idrissi

Abstract

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Women's Imprisonment in Eastern Europe: ‘Sitting out Time’
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-80117-283-7

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