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This empirical study investigates the potential impact on freedom of expression arising from the accumulation of user-generated content on the web. The purpose of this study is to serve as a valuable reference for countries and regions that have not yet implemented web archiving due to similar concerns.

To achieve the goals, the author conducted a web-based survey experiment using sentiment analysis of book reviews as a representation of general topics. This approach enabled the author to objectively examine whether the expression of content undergoes changes in accordance with social conformity theory.

The study’s findings suggest that, at least for general topics, the observed chilling effect is minimal at best. This provides support for the proposition that it is advisable to proceed to the subsequent phase, where more sensitive subjects can be thoroughly explored in the context of web archiving and its associated chilling effects.

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is the first attempt to conduct a survey experiment addressing potential chilling effects resulting from the collection of user-generated content. Notably, the measurement of chilling effects remains contentious and comes with inherent limitations, adding a nuanced perspective to the discourse.

This paper re-examines the ontology of documents, especially digital ones, in the context of preservation, which presumes the actual existence of things. It also explores which aspects of documents are retained or lost over the course of time.

This study detangles the complexities of existential dependence relations of documents, by selectively reviewing literature on digital preservation, document theory, John Searle's social ontology, Maurizio Ferraris' documentality, and Amie Thomasson's categorial ontology.

The author argues that (1) existing objects can be documents, insofar as perceivers regard them as such; (2) documents are social objects as they depend on other objects, including creators, perceivers, and other documents; and (3) preserving digital documents entails the curation of dependence relations since they inherently have technologically dependent relations.

A clarification of the existential dependence relations of documents can aid documentary heritage institutions in determining preservation goals and strategies. Future research must address how, and to what extent, such dependence relations can be curated.

This paper clarifies that the preservation of documents entails the curation of dependence relations, and the critical issue in preservation is how to best preserve the dependence relations of documents, especially since digital documents available on the Internet inherently have technological and dynamic dependence relations.