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Self-cleaning surfaces have received a great deal of attention recently, both in theoretical studies and commercial applications. Lotus flowers are a symbol of purity in Asian cultures; even though they grow in muddy waters, they remain clean and uncontaminated. The “self-cleaning” surface of their leaves is hydrophobic and rough, showing a micro- and nano-scale morphology. The micro-reliefs of lotus leaves are mimicked by using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film and the nano-scale peaks on top of the micro-reliefs are implemented by a reaction between CH₃SiCl₃ and the reactive groups of the PVDF film treated by oxygen plasma. A lotus leaf-like surface of the PVDF film is clearly observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Elemental composition analysis by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveals that the material of the nanostructure of the PVDF film is polymethylsiloxane. The superhydrophobic property of the mimicked self-cleaning surface is validated by the water contact and sliding angles on the lotus leaf-like PVDF film, which are 165°and 4°, respectively. In this case, water drops can easily move off the PVDF surface, carrying dust away and leaving a clean surface

This study examined public perceptions of law enforcement agencies in Mogadishu, Somalia. Specifically, the researchers examined the predictors of public trust in the police in Somali post-conflict contexts.

Data were collected through an online cross-sectional survey of 425 Mogadishu residents. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyze the data and test the hypothesized relationship.

The results revealed that perceived police accountability, performance and professionalism significantly and positively influence public trust in the Somali police force.

This study provides practical recommendations for Somalia’s policymakers and law enforcement agencies. It emphasizes the importance of implementing stronger accountability systems, programs to enhance performance and training in professional conduct as key approaches to restoring and maintaining public confidence in the police force. These initiatives are crucial for preserving social stability and ensuring public safety in a society recovering from conflicts.

This study fills a significant gap in the literature by providing a comprehensive framework that combines performance and social learning theories to explore public trust in the police within a post-conflict context. The findings contribute valuable knowledge on the factors that can enhance public trust in law enforcement in countries recovering from conflict, particularly Somalia.