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The purpose of this paper is to study the antifriction, antiwear and tribolayer formation properties of the trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinate ionic liquid (IL) as additive at 1 wt.% in two base oils and their mixtures, comparing the results with those of a commercial oil.

The mixture of the base oils used in the formulation of the commercial oil SAE 0W20 plus the IL was tested under rolling/sliding and reciprocating conditions to determine the so-called Stribeck curve, the tribolayer formation and the antifriction and antiwear behaviors.

The use of this IL as additive in these oils does not change their viscosity; improves the antifriction and antiwear properties of the base oils, making equal or outperforming these properties of the SAE 0W20; and the thickness and formation rate of the tribolayer resulting from the IL-surface interaction is highly dependent on the type of base oil and influence on the friction and wear results.

The use of this IL allows to replace partial or totally commercial antifriction and antiwear additives.

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-05-2020-0179/

This study aims to identify Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for tourism route development and proposes a tailored conceptual model. It addresses a comprehensive range of tourism routes, considering their respective goals and performance.

The authors applied a qualitative approach to investigate five tourism routes, interviewing 31 current and former members and examining secondary data from organisational documents. A conceptual model was developed through content analysis of transcripts and secondary data.

Based on the identified CSFs, the model is organised into six components: Product, Goals, Resources, Governance, Activities and Performance assessment.

The study analyses various tourism routes concerning their products, implementation levels, goals, performance and perceived success.

Most respondents are public authorities from European countries. Besides, consideration should be given to developing quantitative research to validate the derived theory.

The model may facilitate participants in enhancing and developing tourism routes, thereby contributing to achieving sustainable development goals related to rural-urban connections and tourism partnerships.

The development of tourism routes is expected to impact socio-economic development in rural/peripheral areas positively.

本研究旨在确定旅游线路开发的关键成功因素 (CSFs), 并提出量身定制的概念模型。本文提出了一系列旅游线路, 考虑了各自的目标和绩效。

我们采用定性方法探究了五条旅游线路, 采访了 31 名现任和前任成员, 并检查了组织文件中的二手数据。通过对记录和二手数据的内容分析, 开发了一个概念模型。

根据识别的关键成功要素, 该模型分为六个部分：产品、目标、资源、治理、活动和绩效评估。

本研究分析了各种旅游线路的产品、实施水平、目标、绩效和感知成功。

大多数受访者是来自欧洲国家的公共当局。此外, 还应考虑开展定量研究来验证所得出的理论。

该模型可帮助参与者改善和发展旅游路线, 从而有助于实现与城乡联系和旅游伙伴关系相关的可持续发展目标。

旅游路线的发展预计将对农村/边缘地区的社会经济发展产生积极影响。

Esta investigación se centra en diversas tipologías de rutas turísticas, buscando identificar Factores Críticos de Éxito (FCE) y proporcionar un modelo conceptual adaptado.

Aplicamos un enfoque cualitativo para investigar cinco rutas turísticas. Entrevistamos a 31 miembros y examinamos datos secundarios de documentos organizativos. Se desarrolló un modelo conceptual mediante el análisis de contenido de transcripciones y datos secundarios.

Basado en los FCE identificados, el modelo está organizado en seis componentes: Producto, Objetivos, Recursos, Gobernanza, Actividades y Evaluación del desempeño.

El estudio analiza diversas rutas turísticas en relación con sus productos, ubicaciones y nivel de implementación, así como los objetivos, rendimiento y éxitos percibidos de los involucrados.

La mayoría de los encuestados son autoridades públicas de países europeos. Se debe considerar el desarrollo de investigaciones cuantitativas para validar la teoría derivada de este estudio.

El modelo puede potencialmente ayudar a los participantes a mejorar y desarrollar rutas turísticas, contribuyendo así a lograr los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible relacionados con las conexiones rural-urbanas y las asociaciones turísticas.

Se espera que el desarrollo de rutas turísticas tenga un impacto positivo en el desarrollo socioeconómico en áreas rurales/periféricas.

This research investigates the impact of Industry 4.0 technologies (I4.0) on the resilience of manufacturing firms against the COVID-19 pandemic. The study explores the mediating effects linked to the firm’s supply chain resilience and absorptive capacity in this relationship.

The empirical analysis involves 304 manufacturing firms and uses Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). A two-step hierarchical component model has been employed, considering the statistical analysis validation (reliability and validity) of the LOC and HOC models. The choice of the manufacturing industry is justified due to its degree of automation in emerging economies, such as Mexico, and its significant impact on job creation and the national gross domestic product.

The results confirm the positive impact of I4.0 technologies on companies’ resilience to COVID-19. They also support the indirect effects of the firm’s supply chain resilience and absorptive capacity. Absorptive capacity was found to have a higher significant indirect effect than supply chain resilience. Consequently, the study accentuates the significance of leveraging external knowledge and highlights the role of acquisition, assimilation, transformation, and exploitation capabilities in enhancing absorptive capacity.

The implications of this research extend to both manufacturing companies and public administrations, suggesting the need for I4.0 technologies implementation and supportive policies aimed at fostering absorptive capacity.

This research contributes to the literature by filling gaps in empirical studies in the context of developing economies. It provides valuable insights into the effects of I4.0 on absorptive capacity, supply chain resilience, and COVID-19 resilience, particularly in non-essential supply chains. It enriches the understanding of how I4.0 impacts the absorptive capacity and resilience of the supply chain during the COVID-19 crisis.

This paper evaluates the effect of Spain's regulatory framework on Mercadona's expansion. Mercadona is the main company in this commercial distribution sector and so we have taken the North American company Wal-Mart as a classic example of the sector on a world scale. In Spain the regulatory framework is characterized by the high grade of autonomy of the regional governments over the development of business regulation. In other words, the main objective is to check the extent of competitive bias resulting from regulatory risk.

The article discusses the stores and retailers of Mercadona. Through the use of quantitative indicators the degree of concentration-dispersion is studied, which is reflected graphically with a series of maps. It also discusses the normalisation constraints by quantitative data analysis from a region with trade liberalisation criteria (Madrid) and another with criteria for restricting the construction of large retail outlets (Barcelona)

In the commercial distribution sector, certain firms stand out due to their rapid expansion, firms that have been successful in implementing widely different business philosophies. This article interprets the course and the immediate challenges for Mercadona, taking Wal-Mart as a reference, since this company is already at a more advanced stage of development: the conversion of an operator on an international scale.

The study described helps in understanding the process of forming a large commercial distribution chain in Southern Europe. This example in turn allows an understanding of business concentration processes in this sector.

This article aims to provide examples of opportunities to implement disruptive innovation and offer a framework to introduce it in the public sector – proposing a way to use innovation to make public programs radically cheaper without slashing services.

By focusing on the public sector job to be done – promoting public safety through incarceration vs electronic monitoring – can illuminate how to accomplish the core goals of an existing process in a different way.

The paper finds that the best place to start disruptive innovation tends to be in a market segment that is vastly over‐served or not served at all by the current, dominant model of delivery.

Government has an array of tools and channels that can be used to foster the growth of disruptive technologies.

From homeland security to education, from health care to defense, what is needed are innovations that break traditional trade‐offs, particularly that between price and performance. Disruptive innovation offers a proven path to accomplish this goal and in the process transform public services.

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether emotion- and problem-focussed employee coping styles affect the relationship between workplace incivility and job attitudes (job satisfaction, sense of community), and whether these effects vary by gender.

Survey methodology was used to obtain self-report data from a sample of 314 working adults (90 percent Hispanic, 62 percent female) enrolled in courses at a public university.

Targets of workplace incivility experienced lower job satisfaction and sense of community at work. Employees who typically used problem-focussed coping (PFC) to respond to work stressors experienced greater negative outcomes associated with incivility. Mixed results were found for employees who typically engaged in emotion-focussed coping (EFC) at work: frequent use of avoidant coping and religious coping buffered against the impact of incivility, however, support seeking coping styles strengthened the negative outcomes associated with incivility. These effects varied by gender.

The results highlight the benefits of two EFC styles (religious coping, avoidance coping) in the context of workplace incivility. The findings also indicate limitations of PFC and support seeking coping in the context of incivility. Accordingly, the authors make suggestions for managers to facilitate employees to overcome problems of incivility.

Few studies have investigated qualities that enable employees to effectively manage incivility. Further, the role of coping styles in relation to incivility is relatively unexplored. To address these gaps, the authors examined the extent to which PFC and EFC styles impact the relationship between incivility and work attitudes.

The purpose of this paper is to explore sustainability and collaboration in supply chain (SC) management designs and to develop a sustainable supply chain design (SCD) model.

First, a literature review of the principal theories and SC management approaches is discussed. Second, the development of a sustainable SCD model is described and explained. Third, the results and the operationalization of the model, which incorporates sustainable procurement elements based on the results of interviews from a case study, are outlined.

A framework is proposed to provide managers, practitioners and academics with a practical solution to make sustainable SC decisions in a more structured and consistent manner.

The paper presents a currently discussed problem about the design of differentiated supply chains to avoid or offset the effects of allocation issues in the electronic marketplace. Although past literature reviews provide valuable results, they were based upon the assessment of supply chain decisions failing to consider the sustainable corporate social responsibility and the interaction criteria. The findings from this study highlight the importance of addressing supply chain decisions in a structured manner and prioritize the development of dynamic capabilities to improve the firm’s ability to reconfigure internal and external competences to address rapidly changing environments and reinforce a collaborative SC management system with third parties.