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It has been noted that the spin-valve sensor exhibits lower sensitivity with higher temperature because of the variation of GMR ratio, which could lead to the measurement error in applications where working temperature changes largely over seasons or times. This paper aims to investigate and compensate the temperature effect of the spin-valve sensor.

A spin-valve sensor is fabricated based on microelectronic process, and its temperature relevant properties are investigated, in which the transfer curves are acquired within a temperature range of −50°C to 125°C with a Helmholtz coil and temperature chamber.

It is found that the sensitivity of spin-valve sensor decreases with temperature linearly, where the temperature coefficient is calculated at −0.25 %/°C. The relationship between sensitivity of spin-valve sensor and temperature is well-modeled.

The temperature drift model of the spin-valve sensor’s sensitivity is highly correlated with tested results, which could be used to compensate the temperature influence on the sensor output. A self-compensation sensor system is proposed and built based on the expression modeled for the temperature dependence of the sensor, which exhibits a great improvement on temperature stability.

The noise measurement on magnetoresistive (MR) sensors is generally conducted by techniques including single-channel data sampling and fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis as well as two-channel cross-correlation. The single-channel method is easy to implement and is widely used in the noise measurement on MR sensors, whereas the two-channel method can only eliminate part of the system noise. This study aims to address two key issues affecting measurement accuracy: calibration of the measurement system and the elimination of system noise.

The system is calibrated by using a low-noise metal film resistor in that the system noise is eliminated through power spectrum subtraction. Noise measurement and analysis are conducted for both thermal noise and detectivity of magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) sensor.

The thermal noise measurement error is less than 2%. The detectivity of the MTJ sensor reaches 27 pT/Hz^1/2 at 2 kHz.

This study provides a more practical solution for noise measurement and system calibration on MR sensors with a bias voltage and magnetic field.

Describes the impact of recent changes in US tort law and identifies four interest groups concerned: manufacturers, insurance companies, consumers and lawyers. Discusses their relative strengths, motivations and influence on judicial decisions, citing relevant liability cases for product‐related injuries due to manufacturing defects, design defects and inadequate warnings. Develops a logistic regression model to relate state adoption of strict liability standards to the relative strength of interest groups and applies it to US data. Suggests that the strength of manufacturers and, more particularly, lawyers is significant; and that liberal states are more likely to adopt strict liability for design defects. Calls for further research on the role of the legal profession in legal change.

Low levels of human capital in rural China are rooted in the poor schooling outcomes of elementary school students. The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the distribution of academic performance in rural China and identify vulnerable groups.

The authors draw on a data set of 25,892 observations constructed from 11 school-level surveys spanning nine provinces and one municipality in China conducted from 2013 to 2015.

The authors find that the distribution of academic performance is uneven across provinces and subgroups. In general, male students, Han, living in richer counties, living with their parents and studying in rural public schools do better academically than female students, non-Han, living in poorer counties, left behind and studying in private migrant schools in cities.

Using the results of this study, policymakers should be able to better target investments into rural education focusing on at risk subpopulations.

With limited data sources, the research on the academic performance of students in rural China is largely absent. The findings of this study help to fill the gaps in the literature base.

Defines an Islamic bank, notes their rapid growth in the last twenty years and explains the financial instruments they use to conform with the prohibition on interest. Considers how they might enhance both urban and rural development in Islamic countries, and the feasibility of an Islamic futures market. Describes the operations of the Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (the first in SE Asia) and assesses its domestic and international performance, providing many statistical appendices. Recognizes some outstanding problems (e.g. suitable training, legal framework etc.) but believes the bank has great potential for assisting development and shows that “banking without interest is feasible”,

Considers the implications of 30 per cent quota innovation for women politicians in Mumbai (formerly Bombay) and other area of India since the 1990’s. Uses a survey to explore the influence of women on policy and compares this with some previous research in London. Suggest ways this representation may be sustained.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of international library materials aid in primary schools and to outline obstacles to effective utilization for maximum literacy benefits among primary school children.

Data were gathered via interviews, observation, focus group discussions and document analyses.

Findings indicate that teachers were trained by Kenya National Library Services Kisii Branch staff on basics of library materials management before literacy materials were sent to the schools; teachers and pupils reported that development of vocabulary and better essay writing are some of the benefits of the donated materials; and culturally distanced materials and school dynamics impact negatively on the effective utilization of the donated library resources.

The authors recommend that donors work hand in hand with the Ministry of Education and other local stakeholders that it may be possible to address obstacles to proper and highly effective implementation of literacy empowerment projects.

The findings of this study are from original research and the implications must be treated as such.

Gives an in depth view of the strategies pursued by the world’s leading chief executive officers in an attempt to provide guidance to new chief executives of today. Considers the marketing strategies employed, together with the organizational structures used and looks at the universal concepts that can be applied to any product. Uses anecdotal evidence to formulate a number of theories which can be used to compare your company with the best in the world. Presents initial survival strategies and then looks at ways companies can broaden their boundaries through manipulation and choice. Covers a huge variety of case studies and examples together with a substantial question and answer section.

Presents over sixty abstracts summarising the 1999 Employment Research Unit annual conference held at the University of Cardiff. Explores the multiple impacts of globalization on work and employment in contemporary organizations. Covers the human resource management implications of organizational responses to globalization. Examines the theoretical, methodological, empirical and comparative issues pertaining to competitiveness and the management of human resources, the impact of organisational strategies and international production on the workplace, the organization of labour markets, human resource development, cultural change in organisations, trade union responses, and trans‐national corporations. Cites many case studies showing how globalization has brought a lot of opportunities together with much change both to the employee and the employer. Considers the threats to existing cultures, structures and systems.

The averaged Navier‐Stokes and the k‐e turbulence model equations are used to simulate turbulent flows in some internal flow cases. The discrete equations are solved by different variations of Multigrid methods. These include both steady state as well as time dependent solvers. Locally refined grids can be added dynamically in all cases. The Multigrid schemes result in fast convergence rates, whereas local grid refinements allow improved accuracy with rational increase in problem size. The applications of the solver to a 3‐D (cold) furnace model and to the simulation of the flow in a wind tunnel past an object prove the efficiency of the Multigrid scheme with local grid refinement.