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Article
Publication date: 1 June 1984

Roger Haycock

• Doubts over American test standards

16

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• Doubts over American test standards

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Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 36 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

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Article
Publication date: 1 April 1986

WITH a bumper guest attendance considerably up from last year, the annual Esso‐sponsored Autotrends meeting to examine world fuel and lubricant problems and developments moved to…

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WITH a bumper guest attendance considerably up from last year, the annual Esso‐sponsored Autotrends meeting to examine world fuel and lubricant problems and developments moved to more spacious accommodation at London's Park Lane, Dorchester Hotel ballroom for the recent 1986 get‐together of top oil and motor trade people.

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Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 38 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

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Article
Publication date: 1 February 2005

320

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Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 57 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 1984

Paramins Spring 1984 Automative Trends Meeting applauds Common Market pacemaker activity; more realistic lubricant test procedures: new engine/transmission oil specifications.

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Paramins Spring 1984 Automative Trends Meeting applauds Common Market pacemaker activity; more realistic lubricant test procedures: new engine/transmission oil specifications.

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Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 36 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

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Book part
Publication date: 1 October 2007

Sumner La Croix and Ming Liu

The World Health Organization estimated that in 1999 roughly one-third of the world's population lacked access to essential medicines that would have saved or improved their…

Abstract

The World Health Organization estimated that in 1999 roughly one-third of the world's population lacked access to essential medicines that would have saved or improved their lives. Our analysis focuses on how pharmaceutical product patents restrict access to essential medicines in developing countries. It is well established that pharmaceutical product patents provide little incentive for pharmaceutical companies to develop new medicines designed to treat diseases prevalent in developing countries or to market in developing countries those patented medicines developed to treat diseases prevalent in developed countries. Economists have developed theoretical models showing that these incentives could be changed if (1) developing countries provided intellectual property protection for new pharmaceutical innovations and (2) an international regulatory framework were established to facilitate pharmaceutical companies setting lower prices in developing countries and higher prices in developed countries for patented medicines. We develop an index of property rights in pharmaceutical innovations covering 129 countries from 1960 to 2005. It shows that in 1960 only a handful of countries provided significant protection for pharmaceutical innovations, but by 2005 over 95 percent of countries in our sample provided significant statutory protections. However, an international framework to allow pharmaceutical companies to price discriminate has not been put in place. We conclude that international price discrimination mechanisms, compulsory patent licenses, and regional patent buyouts are not viable mechanisms for providing access to essential medicines to patients in developing countries. Global patent buyouts are more likely to achieve this goal, as they are not founded on an impractical separation of pharmaceutical markets in developing and developed countries and they provide critical incentives to develop new essential medicines.

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Intellectual Property, Growth and Trade
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-84950-539-0

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