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The purpose of this paper is to provide the foundational economics, both in theory and practice, to describe the current competitive and operational market dynamics of the blood service industry in the United States of America.

The paper applies the dominant firm-competitive fringe model to describe how pricing is determined within the blood service industry, with particular focus on the nonprofit business model. The research also describes the role of government as one of the major determinants of pricing through regulatory demands.

The longstanding, free-market based economic foundations of the blood service industry have proven to be adequate in meeting the blood needs of the United States (US). Though there are clear market inefficiencies associated with the dominant firm model, none of the proposed solutions target the contractual and resulting pricing inefficiencies that persist because of the market structure.

In order to add value to the blood industry professionals, it is imperative to provide the foundational economics driving the current macro-level blood industry of the US.

The purpose of this article is to provide insight into how organizations and managers can use technology, including the internet, to enhance development and planning efforts.

Suggestions for leveraging technology are outlined using the traditional components of the planning process as a template. Specific recommendations are offered for integrating technology into each of the stages of the planning process (i.e. formulation, implementation and evaluation).

A majority of business and technology executives agree that extensive use of information technology can enhance strategic planning, however, only about one‐third of surveyed CEOs actually champion the use of technology in strategic planning, with only 19 percent considering their organization's strategic planning process highly effective (PR Newswire). Yet, by leveraging technology more effectively during planning and development initiatives, companies are likely to improve their overall competitive position, enhance buy‐in, and reduce conflict.

While not scientific, guidance provided in this article should improve managers' and leaders' planning efforts.

The use of technology in development efforts and throughout the planning process should improve the efficacy of the concomitant plans developed by organizations.

The purpose of this article is the application of commander's evaluation, used for making decisions in military organizations, to the context of business decisions.

The scope of this article incorporates salient issues related to business decision making. This is followed by an overview of how commander's evaluation is used to make decisions.

While used predominantly in military organizations, commander's evaluation has important implications for business decision making. Developmental advantages associated with incorporating this method of making decisions into non‐military organizations are elucidated.

Utilizing a commander's evaluation approach provides the business decision‐maker with multiple perspectives and options, while also increasing the likelihood of success.

This article makes a unique contribution to the literature by providing practical strategies for incorporating the use of commander's evaluation into the process of making decisions in business.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the efficacy of the demand‐control‐support model, augmented with employee perceptions of organisational justice and degree of met expectations.

Data were collected from 128 public sector employees working in a large state police force operating under many of the elements of new public management. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted using four indicators of occupational strain: employee wellbeing, job satisfaction, organisational commitment and intent to quit.

The results of this study suggest that the demand‐control‐support model has great utility in identifying those aspects of the work environment associated with employee strain. Job control and social support at work in particular were the most consistent predictors. In contrast, the expectation and justice variables failed to make significant contributions to the model in all but one analysis providing no support for the “injustice as stressor” perspective.

Although a cross‐sectional design was utilized, these results highlight the value of applying the parsimonious demand‐control‐support model to a wider set of outcomes, especially in a public sector environment.

The results emphasize the importance of the relatively neglected “softer” work characteristics support and control. In order to combat the ill‐effects of organisational reforms and prompt a shift towards the public value approach, managers operating under elements of new public management should ensure that adequate social support at work is available and that employee control is commensurate with their demands.

This study examined an augmented demand‐control‐support model and identified that whilst perceptions of justice can influence employee attitudes and wellbeing, the demand, control, and support variables remain the most influential factors with regard to public sector employee attitudes and wellbeing.

Presents some techniques developed by Telecom New Zealand where first the component factors that most influence the overall satisfaction rating of Telecom’s service are found. Second, these components are quantified and the improvement required for each component to meet overall excellence targets is determined. Gives a successful example of International Directory Assistance which shows that these techniques have significantly raised customer overall satisfaction in just five months.

Aarhus Kommunes Biblioteker (Teknisk Bibliotek), Ingerslevs Plads 7, Aarhus, Denmark. Representative: V. NEDERGAARD PEDERSEN (Librarian).

The advancement of technology is fast, disruptive, and currently known as the new civilization of the Industrial Revolution 5.0. It causes changes in the human lifelines in their economy, politics, culture, and social aspects. Particularly, third world nations and developing countries need to prepare the alertness for this adjustment, especially for the young generation. International political events will come, and the developed countries will crush the other countries those are unable or not having the skill to manage technology and innovate learning process. It is following the proverb of who controls the technology will master the resources. Global advancements and its dynamics in the era of Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0 have impacted the education system in South Asian and South East Nations specifically due to changing characteristics of learning. The objective of this study is to investigate the characteristics of learning in the era of Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0, specifically in the master’s program of advertising and public relation of a private university in Indonesia. This study adopted a qualitative approach, through the technique of focus group discussion (FGD) to obtain the result on the basis of thematic analysis. There were 12 participants of the FGD representing various groups of stakeholders consisting of students, teachers, and leaders. The results of this FGD indicate that learning characteristics in the era of Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0 are swiftly transforming and there is a vital need of accommodation and acceptance by learner and instructor during dissemination of knowledge. Overloading of technology has become a blockage too during the facilitation of an educational activity in lack of appropriate awareness and training.

This paper aims to synthesize the key findings of prior research on the topic of human-wildlife interactions (HWI) in natural places for tourism.

The methodology of systematic review was used to search for, appraise and analyze the relevant research evidence. A total of 47 English-language academic journal articles, published between 2003 and 2018, with free online access to full texts in the database of Hospitality and Tourism Complete have been reviewed. Thematic analysis was adopted to synthesize the textual data.

The reviewed articles cover a wide geographical spread, diverse wildlife species and interaction types, and various research focuses including ecological impacts, human dimensions and management issues of wildlife tourism. The interactions between wildlife and human systems in the context of tourism constitute a complicated social-ecological system, in which both the humans and animals can be affected positively and negatively. Management and scientific research provide the nexus between the ecological and human dimensions of wildlife tourism. While opportunities for sustainable development abound, challenges are not to be neglected.

Due to the complexity of wildlife encounters for tourist purposes, the extant literature indicates a diverse and fragmented view from which integrated implications are difficult to obtain. This paper presents the first overarching review in English of the literature on human-wildlife interactions for tourism and provides a big picture understanding of what has been and what is needed to be done in terms of both wildlife tourism research and practices.

The statistics are certainly impressive: over the last two decades, women have made extraordinary advances into the managerial ranks of corporate America. From 1982 to 1983, for example, the number of female executives jumped from 1.4 million to 3.5 million (“More and more, she's the boss,” 1985, p. 64). In 1989, women accounted for 40% of all corporate managers in the United States — double the percentage just 15 years ago (“The mommy track: Juggling kids and careers,” 1989, p. 134).