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Book part
Publication date: 3 May 2007

Warren J. Samuels

In their Foreword, Augullo and Guidi identify the objectives behind the design features of their long-term project. One objective is to study “the history of economics from the…

Abstract

In their Foreword, Augullo and Guidi identify the objectives behind the design features of their long-term project. One objective is to study “the history of economics from the viewpoint of the economists’ relationships with the institutional and professional environment.” A second objective is that of comparative methodology, the “systematic and meditated comparison among national cases…so that the interpretive framework of each might be enriched by cross-fertilization.” A third objective is that “economics was rooted in institutional contexts and had itself over time become an institution—a doctrinal corpus of knowledge which permeates and frames the mind of the student body, scholars, professionals and public opinion at large” and to do so “not merely from the canonical standpoint of doctrinal or paradigmatic evolution” (AG, p. xi).

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A Research Annual
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-0-7623-1422-5

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Article
Publication date: 15 July 2019

Minnie M.A. Ashdown, Jenny Crawley, Phillip Biddulph, Jez Wingfield, Robert Lowe and Clifford A. Elwell

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the distribution of dwelling airtightness test results for a developer, between 2007 and 2011. The changes in airtightness test results…

302

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the distribution of dwelling airtightness test results for a developer, between 2007 and 2011. The changes in airtightness test results over time are discussed, and links between the airtightness test results and the construction technique are investigated.

Design/methodology/approach

A data set of airtightness test results was statistically analysed by applying probabilistic model of the distribution and using Bayesian parameter estimation techniques.

Findings

The inferred background distributions, those estimated to describe dwelling performance before secondary sealing, suggest an improvement in airtightness between 2008 and 2011, the mode decreases from 5.46±0.09 m3/m2h to 4.12±0.07 m3/m2h with a corresponding shift in practice towards a more target-driven approach. The most airtight dwellings are constructed from reinforced concrete frame, followed by “traditional” (dry lined masonry), timber frame and lightweight steel frame.

Research limitations/implications

This study is limited by the size of the available data set (901 dwellings), and by the fact that the data set contains a larger proportion of flats to houses; however, the metadata has enabled the exploration of the link between construction practices and airtightness.

Practical implications

Developers need better guidance surrounding how to meet more stringent airtightness requirements through improvements to the primary air barrier, with incentives and support to deliver changes in practice. Furthermore, if a large number of dwellings undergo secondary sealing, this may have implications for the long-term efficiency of the dwelling stock.

Originality/value

This analysis investigates two issues that have not previously been studied on a significant number of dwellings: the changes to the distribution of airtightness results over time and the link between construction methods and airtightness.

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International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, vol. 38 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2398-4708

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 2001

Malcolm Bell and Robert Lowe

In this final paper in the series we set out the energy efficiency standards which should be pursued over the next five to ten years. Compared with a business as usual scenario…

2226

Abstract

In this final paper in the series we set out the energy efficiency standards which should be pursued over the next five to ten years. Compared with a business as usual scenario based on past improvements, our proposed standards could go a long way to nullify the increase in carbon dioxide emissions which would be expected from the projected increase in the size of the housing stock in the next 20 years (an increase of some 4 million by 2021). Such an approach would provide an important breathing space so as to allow the development of even higher new build standards and to allow improvements in the efficiency of the existing stock. In addition to establishing an improvement programme for 2000/1 and 2005/6 the paper also assesses a number of important implementation issues. It deals with the barriers of practicability, technical risk and cost and concludes that such barriers are largely perceptual. We argue that with the establishment of very clear goals and implementation programmes, the Government together with the house building industry could achieve significantly higher standards than current regulations without major upheaval and, in the process, take a very large step towards the overall goal of creating a truly sustainable housing stock.

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Structural Survey, vol. 19 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0263-080X

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Article
Publication date: 28 May 2019

Jenny Crawley, Phillip Biddulph, Jez Wingfield, Minnie Ashdown, Robert Lowe and Cliff Elwell

Compulsory airtightness testing was introduced for new dwellings in England and Wales in 2006 and in Scotland in 2010 to ensure that they are constructed according to design air…

184

Abstract

Purpose

Compulsory airtightness testing was introduced for new dwellings in England and Wales in 2006 and in Scotland in 2010 to ensure that they are constructed according to design air permeability targets. These targets are set to limit heat loss through air infiltration. Previous work examining the large Air Tightness Testing and Measurement Association (ATTMA) data set of UK airtightness test data suggested that, in a proportion of dwellings, the targets were being met by post-completion sealing as opposed to airtight construction, but did not quantify the prevalence of this practice. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, the distribution of as-built airtightness and the proportion of dwellings undergoing post-completion sealing are estimated from the ATTMA data set covering 2015–2016. This is carried out by Bayesian statistical modelling, using the data set of recorded test results and a modelled representation of the testing process.

Findings

This analysis finds the mode of the as-built distribution of air permeability as 4.38 ± 0.01 m3/m2h. It predicts that 39 per cent of dwellings aiming for one of the five most common design targets have sealing interventions at the point of pressure testing to meet their target. The as-built distribution of the ATTMA data is compared to airtightness test data obtained from just before compulsory testing was introduced, showing an improvement in the modal air permeability of 3.6 m3/m2h since testing became mandatory.

Originality/value

This paper has investigated the available data beyond simply what is reported, to estimate what the real levels of airtightness in the UK new build stock may be.

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International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, vol. 38 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2398-4708

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Article
Publication date: 1 March 2000

Malcolm Bell and Robert Lowe

This paper presents a critique of the energy efficiency aspects of the Building Regulations for England and Wales as they relate to dwellings. It is argued that a significant…

2280

Abstract

This paper presents a critique of the energy efficiency aspects of the Building Regulations for England and Wales as they relate to dwellings. It is argued that a significant improvement in the regulations is required if large reductions in CO2 emissions are to be achieved in the first half of the next century and that considerable scope for regulation improvement exists (almost 90 per cent reductions in space heating are achievable). The paper identifies the shortcomings of the methods used to demonstrate compliance and proposes new approaches which would increase consistency and enable a clear programme of improvement to be established.

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Structural Survey, vol. 18 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0263-080X

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Book part
Publication date: 1 March 2021

Andrew Creed, Ambika Zutshi and Brian L. Connelly

What leadership lessons in sustainability can be learned from historical clan survival stories that include elders' responses to survival events? We provide in this chapter…

Abstract

What leadership lessons in sustainability can be learned from historical clan survival stories that include elders' responses to survival events? We provide in this chapter analysis of stories of survival in which elders as leaders and advisers convey meanings and morals which serve as educative tools for their clans. The findings relate to current leadership style theories and align with principles of social, economic and environmental sustainability. By observations through an original framework and tabulation, the chapter concisely presents distilled wisdom for the management of current and future crisis events which may threaten supply chains and, consequently, short- and long-term sustainability. The findings are useful to several audiences, such as, organizational leaders, volunteers and community managers who are involved in crisis management and addressing its impact on employees and the broader community. The research also opens the pathway for academics to explore some new areas in survival management. Ultimately, we acknowledge the endeavours and achievements of our elders whose descendants we hope will appreciate the reflection of their contributions. It is the spirit of collaboration, sharing diverse experiences, as we all must do in a crisis, which we hope to learn from and share in the solutions moving forward to future events.

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Clan and Tribal Perspectives on Social, Economic and Environmental Sustainability
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78973-366-2

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Article
Publication date: 1 April 1977

Gerry Fowler

These famous lines were of course written by a Hellenistic poet centuries after the death of the philosopher Heraclitus. Strangely I am beginning to get the same nostalgic feeling…

25

Abstract

These famous lines were of course written by a Hellenistic poet centuries after the death of the philosopher Heraclitus. Strangely I am beginning to get the same nostalgic feeling about Robert Lowe, the nineteenth century protagonist of payment by results. For Lowe's educational philosophy had one great virtue: it recognised that the schools could be either cheap or efficient, but that cheapness and efficiency (and for that matter high cost and inefficiency) could not walk hand in hand.

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Education + Training, vol. 19 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0040-0912

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Article
Publication date: 1 May 2000

Robert Lowe and Malcolm Bell

If the building control system is to deliver housing which achieves major reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, it is important to ensure not only that energy efficiency…

2179

Abstract

If the building control system is to deliver housing which achieves major reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, it is important to ensure not only that energy efficiency standards are set at an appropriate level but also that the specification of standards takes into account realised performance. It is argued in this paper that, in many cases, there is a large gap between notional performance, as defined by the calculation methods embodied in the Building Regulations, and performance achieved in practice. Although it is accepted that some variation in performance is to be expected, there are a number of areas where closer attention to the methods used to estimate thermal performance, and the inclusion of hitherto unregulated aspects, could help to achieve a much closer match between what is expected and what is achieved. In particular, the paper discusses ways in which the Regulations could be improved so that the impact of thermal bridging, construction quality, window performance and airtightness are more closely controlled.

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Structural Survey, vol. 18 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0263-080X

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Article
Publication date: 1 October 2003

Robert Lowe, Malcolm Bell and David Roberts

This paper (and Part 2, to appear in the next issue) set out the results of a housing field trial designed to evaluate the impact of an enhanced energy performance standard for…

1150

Abstract

This paper (and Part 2, to appear in the next issue) set out the results of a housing field trial designed to evaluate the impact of an enhanced energy performance standard for dwellings. The project was designed to inform the next review of Part L of the Building Regulations for England and Wales, which, following the publication of the UK government's white paper on energy policy, is expected in 2005. The project explores the implications of an enhanced standard in the context of timber frame construction. Although for programming reasons it was necessary to terminate the research project at the end of the design phase, the results suggest that the standard investigated is well within the capacity of the industry but it was clear that the whole supply chain will need to take a positive approach to the development of new solutions. The secret to a smooth and cost optimised transition is for the necessary development work to begin immediately, not when regulation changes.

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Structural Survey, vol. 21 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0263-080X

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Article
Publication date: 1 December 2003

Robert Lowe, Malcolm Bell and David Roberts

This paper and part 1, which appeared in the last issue, set out the results of a housing field trial designed to evaluate the impact of an enhanced energy‐performance standard…

895

Abstract

This paper and part 1, which appeared in the last issue, set out the results of a housing field trial designed to evaluate the impact of an enhanced energy‐performance standard for dwellings. The project was designed to inform the next review of part L of the Building Regulations for England and Wales, which, following the publication of the UK government's White Paper on energy policy, is expected in 2005. The project reported explores the implications of an enhanced standard in the context of timber frame construction. Although, for programming reasons, it was necessary to terminate the research project at the end of the design phase, the results suggest that the standard investigated is well within the capacity of the industry. It was clear, however, that the whole supply chain will need to take a positive approach to the development of new solutions. The secret to a smooth and cost‐optimised transition is that the necessary development work begins immediately, not when regulation changes.

Details

Structural Survey, vol. 21 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0263-080X

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