Rimi Zakaria and Kun Michelle Yang
This study extends the relationship, behavior and condition perspective on international business negotiation to predict cross-border merger and acquisition negotiation outcomes…
Abstract
Purpose
This study extends the relationship, behavior and condition perspective on international business negotiation to predict cross-border merger and acquisition negotiation outcomes. Taking a two-dimensional approach to classifying institutional distance (ID), the authors identify a set of cognitive and behavioral mechanisms underlying interfirm negotiation processes. The purpose of this study is to propose that the degree, interaction, pluralistic discord of institutional dimensions and the relative importance of IDs shape cross-national negotiation workflows and tactics.
Design/methodology/approach
Using a cross-sectional sample of over 76,000 interfirm merger and acquisition deals, the authors find that this study’s empirical results support their overarching theory of relationship-, behavior- and condition-focused cross-border negotiation outcomes. Applying the Mahalanobis approach to multidimensional IDs, the authors conduct logistic regression analyses to run the competing models to test the hypotheses.
Findings
This research finds that the degree of dimensional interactions, pluralistic discord and relative impact – all three ID dynamics – at the dyadic level undermine the likelihood of deal completion. As such, interfirm negotiations require managing cognitive and behavioral costs underlying the intricacies of IDs.
Originality/value
The relationship, behavior and condition-centric interfirm negotiation theory proposed in this study informs our existing knowledge of both institutional and behavioral negotiations. Simulating the context of de facto deals, the research model simultaneously captures formal and informal ID dimensions as a tandem to identify some exogenous and endogenous bargaining dynamics to provide new insights. The results of this study demonstrate that the codified, authoritative, and legally enforceable attributes of distance (i.e. formal directives) undermine cross-border deals more acutely than the socio-culturally embedded norms (i.e. informal conventions).
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Rimi Zakaria and Eylem Ersal Kiziler
This study takes a dyadic approach to explaining merger and acquisition (M&A) deal outcomes. Acknowledging the socio-cognitive (e.g. intangible and macro-environmental…
Abstract
Purpose
This study takes a dyadic approach to explaining merger and acquisition (M&A) deal outcomes. Acknowledging the socio-cognitive (e.g. intangible and macro-environmental) idiosyncrasies, the authors theorize that some acquirer–target dyads have a superior ability to complete complex relational transactions in an M&A deal. Specifically, deals are successful when an acquirer and a target: are similar considering their sectoral characteristics, have contextually-informed deal-making competencies, and are familiar with one another given their sectoral and institutional features.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses logistic regression analysis to examine how sectoral and institutional characteristics in the acquiring and target company dyads relate to the likelihood of merger and acquisition deal completion.
Findings
Analyzing a sample of 37,560 M&A deals, the authors find empirical evidence in support of the dyadic to deal completion. The authors find that sectoral similarity and institutional familiarity in an M&A dyad can predict the likelihood of deal completion. Specifically, service multinational acquirers are more competent than their manufacturing counterparts in general, and in same-sector and same-country deals in particular. In contrast, service sector acquirers also are at a relative disadvantage vis-à-vis their manufacturing counterparts in cross-national deals.
Research limitations/implications
Considering the theoretical and managerial implications, the authors identify new avenues for future research on service and manufacturing M&A dyads that can deepen the knowledge of inter-firm transaction processes.
Originality/value
First, the authors draw on the socio-cognitive, behavioral, and relational models to explain M&A deal process in both domestic and cross-border settings. Drawing on service vis-à-vis manufacturing sector business models, the authors predict deal completion. Second, the authors propose that familiarity between the acquiring and target companies in the form of sectoral and cross-national factors becomes pivotal to the inter-firm processes. Finally, the authors empirically demonstrate how inter-firm dynamics in a dyad can pose complex deal-making challenges, which make some acquirers especially susceptible to contextual shocks.
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Rimi Zakaria, Whitney Douglas Fernandez and William D. Schneper
The purpose of this study is to explain how factors relating to resource availability affect managerial risk-taking with regard to the geographic and institutional proximity of…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to explain how factors relating to resource availability affect managerial risk-taking with regard to the geographic and institutional proximity of cross-border merger and acquisition (M&A) targets. The paper further considers the impact of organizational learning by testing the moderating effect of the acquiring firms’ prior international M&A experience.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses linear regression with robust standard errors to account for dependence among clustered observations at the firm level. The authors used country and industry fixed-effects specifications to account for unobserved heterogeneity.
Findings
The results suggest that when internal and external resources are more abundant, firms pursue cross-border M&As that are more geographically and institutionally distant. The findings further indicate that a firm’s prior international M&A experience positively moderates the aforementioned relationships..
Research limitations/implications
Extending the behavioral theory of the firm beyond organizational slack resources, the results highlight the importance of taking a multi-level, open-systems perspective of the strategic impact of resource availability. The authors’ theory and findings also provide a more nuanced view of the critical role organizational learning plays in the relationship between resource availability and organizational outcomes.
Originality/value
This is the first study to the authors’ knowledge that develops and tests a theoretical model exploring the impact of both internal (organizational slack) and external (environmental munificence at both the industry and home-country levels) resource availability, as well as prior organizational experience on an important multinational business practice.
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Although primarily treated as two distinct research streams, strategic alliances and mergers and acquisitions together occupy much of the strategic management discourse…
Abstract
Although primarily treated as two distinct research streams, strategic alliances and mergers and acquisitions together occupy much of the strategic management discourse. Alliances, in many cases, end in acquisitions as firms use alliances as intermediate strategic options to eventually acquire a partner. As the discipline of strategy matures and the frequency and the volume of inter-firm cooperation continue to rise, it is imperative to integrate these two research streams for a holistic understanding of the theory of the firm. The purpose of this conceptual piece is threefold. First, we review the extant studies that combine these two governance modes: alliance and acquisitions. Second, drawing on the dominant strategic management theories, we highlight how prior inter-firm alliances inform future acquisitions in terms of (a) pre-combination decisions, (b) post-deal integration processes, (c) alternatives and strategies, and (d) performance outcomes. Finally, in view of the emerging trends and evocative gaps, we offer a conceptual road map to encourage future theoretical development and empirical research.
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Mohd Azril Rezza Mohd Razmin, Amri Mohamad and Maheran Zakaria
This study aims to investigate the factors that influence asset misappropriation fraud among police officers in the Internal Security and Public Order (Malay: Keselamatan Dalam…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to investigate the factors that influence asset misappropriation fraud among police officers in the Internal Security and Public Order (Malay: Keselamatan Dalam Negeri dan Ketenteraman Awam [KDNKA]) Department, Royal Malaysian Police (RMP).
Design/methodology/approach
Primary data were collected from a questionnaire-based survey and the data were analysed using descriptive analysis, correlation analysis and multiregression.
Findings
The element of pressure was found to have a negative relationship with asset misappropriation fraud. This result shows the uniqueness of the KDNKA Department in the RMP. The other three elements are found to have a significant positive relationship with asset misappropriation fraud.
Practical implications
This study’s findings can aid academicians in gaining a better understanding of the literature surrounding fraud diamond theory and aid the policymakers in recognizing the signs and possibilities of asset misappropriation fraud in public agencies.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that uses the KDNKA Department which is the second largest department in RMP as a population in fraud study.
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Aemin Nasir, Nazlina Zakaria, Nhu Do and Santiago Velasquez
This study aims to investigate the emerging and attractive phenomenon of sustainable performance influenced by the role of effective knowledge management with the mediation effect…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to investigate the emerging and attractive phenomenon of sustainable performance influenced by the role of effective knowledge management with the mediation effect of green innovation. This study incorporated the formative construct of knowledge management, which consists of knowledge creation, acquisition, knowledge sharing and knowledge application that collectively predict sustainable performance and enable the firms to become innovative under a greening perspective. This study contributed to the body of knowledge by explaining the effect and influence of knowledge management practices and greening perspective on sustaining performance.
Design/methodology/approach
The empirical evidence of this relationship is examined in the current research to establish effective knowledge management practices for ensuring sustainability in Malaysia’s production and service industry. The data was collected from individuals from Malaysia’s small and medium enterprise (SME) sector by using a convenience sampling technique, and analysis was performed by using the SmartPLS4.
Findings
This study’s results revealed that knowledge management influences performance by inclusion of green practices. Similarly, green innovation predicts sustainable performance; finally, green innovation mediates the relationship between knowledge management and sustainable performance. Organizations are required to ensure knowledge management practices, including the creation of knowledge, acquisition, sharing and application of knowledge to sustain performance, with a mediation effect and an essential element of green innovation that empirically explains the association between knowledge management practices and performance.
Research limitations/implications
The scope of research is limited and restricts the capacity of findings for a broader context inside Malaysia. There is a need to consider the organizational culture, contextual elements and leadership styles in investigating and explaining the critical phenomenon of sustainable performance.
Practical implications
Organizations are required to ensure knowledge management practices, including the creation of knowledge, acquisition, sharing and application of knowledge to sustain performance, with a mediation effect and an essential element of green innovation that empirically explains the association between knowledge management practices and performance.
Social implications
Sustainable performance has the potential to increase the economic, social and environmental concerns of the firm, as strategies must be performance-centric to achieve the objectives. This research effort can assist Malaysia’s SME sector from various perspectives. This study provides the basis for taking the initiatives for knowledge management by focusing on creation, acquisition, sharing and application practices for achieving sustainable performance. This study incorporated the emerging concept of green innovation for its actions and strategies to achieve sustainable performance, and the actions of firms to adopt and implement the green practices that influence sustainable performance.
Originality/value
The framework for this study is novel. This study has been conducted to determine the sustainable business performance influenced by knowledge management, technological advancements and green supply chain management, moderated by leadership support. This study incorporated the formative construct of knowledge management, which consists of knowledge creation, acquisition, knowledge sharing and knowledge application that collectively predict sustainable performance and enable the firms to become innovative under a greening perspective. This study contributed to the body of knowledge by explaining the effect and influence of knowledge management practices and greening perspective on sustaining performance.
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Khalid Farooq and Mohd Yusoff Yusliza
This research offered a systematic and comprehensive literature review in analysing current studies on employee ecological behaviour (EEB) strategies and settings to determine…
Abstract
Purpose
This research offered a systematic and comprehensive literature review in analysing current studies on employee ecological behaviour (EEB) strategies and settings to determine various emphasised workplace ecological behaviour areas and contribute a precise mapping for future research.
Design/methodology/approach
This systematic literature review method involved 106 peer-reviewed articles published in reputable academic journals (between 2000 and the first quarter of 2021). This study was confined to a review of empirical papers derived from digital databases encompassing the terms ‘Employee green behaviour’, ‘Green behaviour at workplace’, ‘Employee ecological behaviour’, ‘Employee Pro-environmental behaviour’ and ‘Pro-environmental behaviour at workplace’ in the titles.
Findings
This study identified relevant journal articles (classified as EEB at work) from the current body of knowledge. Notably, much emphasis was identified on EEB over the past two decades. Overall, most studies employing quantitative approaches in both developed and emerging nations. Notably, ecological behaviour application garnered the most significant attention from scholars among the four focus areas in the literature review: (i) EEB concepts, models, or reviews, (ii) EEB application, (iii) EEB determinants and (iv) EEB outcomes.
Practical implications
Significant literature gaps indicate this field to be a relatively novel phenomenon. Thus, rigorous research on the topic proves necessary to develop a holistic understanding of the subject area.
Originality/value
This study expands the current body of knowledge by providing the first comprehensive systematic review on EEB themes, methods, applications, determinants, contextual focus, outcomes and recommending future research agenda.
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This article aims to explore the concept of green campus (GC) being implemented in Pakistan’s universities in order to attain green intellectual capital (GIC).
Abstract
Purpose
This article aims to explore the concept of green campus (GC) being implemented in Pakistan’s universities in order to attain green intellectual capital (GIC).
Design/methodology/approach
Primary data were collected from the 20 public sector universities in the Punjab province, Pakistan. Data analysis was conducted by using SPSS and MPLUS software.
Findings
Results confirm that green practices help universities to attain GIC. Further, the results also confirm the mediating role of green knowledge sharing (GKS) and green innovation (GI).
Research limitations/implications
The data were gathered from public sector universities in Pakistan. Hence, the findings of the present study may not be generalized to the private universities, other sectors or countries.
Practical implications
This study provides insights regarding the implementation of GC paradigm from technological perspective. This can enhance the information exchange among sustainability practitioners in order to introduce innovative solutions for addressing sustainability challenges.
Social implications
This study has developed a transdisciplinary policy framework that provides guidelines for higher education institutions in Pakistan to attain GI and IC.
Originality/value
The originality lies in framing GC as a generator of GIC while also establishing a strong link between IC, economy and the environment by demonstrating how environmental sustainability initiatives influence economic gains through enhanced reputation, cost reduction and stakeholder engagement. This study has developed a theoretical framework based on resource-based theory, which supports the notion that GCs will lead to GIC by developing GKS and GI.