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This paper aims to review research on carrying capacity over two periods and provide a future perspective.

This paper is a brief review of literature and commentary.

A subject of potential major importance with significant implications has been relatively ignored by researchers over the past few decades.

None directly, but discussion of implications if carrying capacity is not researched further.

Commentary on urgent need for research on a topic gaining a deal of attention through overtourism to provide development guidelines.

Lack of limits on tourist numbers is causing significant social concern for residents of destinations who are protesting for action to limit numbers and impacts, as seen by concerns about overtourism.

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this paper is a first review of carrying capacity in the tourism literature for several years.

The purpose of this paper is to identify and review attempts at mitigation and prevention of overtourism and to outline reasons for the failure to date of such efforts.

This paper is a perspective paper and draws on an examination of relevant literature on the subject through the lens of a conceptual framework. It outlines the changing roles of tourism development and marketing organisations and the failure of public sector agencies to control and manage tourism. The varying methods of limiting tourist numbers are examined, and their weaknesses are presented.

Conclusions reveal that there are a series of global trends that are contributing to the appearance and continuation of overtourism and which, to date, are proving immune to mitigation and resolution for specific reasons. These include a lack of willingness to accept the problem of tourist numbers and to reduce or effectively manage these at all levels, from local to international.

Present approaches to mitigation need to be revisited and better integrated with management and control of all aspects of development and framed to achieve and retain political support at all levels.

There has been little attempt before to analyse the reasons for the failure to effectively mitigate or prevent overtourism, and this paper makes an original contribution in this area in that it is an evaluation of what is known and a summary of shortcomings within the industry and academia.

本论文是一篇观点性论文, 通过概念框架的视角对相关文献进行审视。它概述了旅游开发和营销组织角色的变化以及公共部门机构控制和管理旅游业的失败。研究了限制游客数量的各种方法, 并指出了它们的缺点。

本文的目的是识别和回顾缓解和预防过度旅游的措施, 并概述迄今为止这些措施失败的原因。

结论表明, 有一系列全球趋势促成了过度旅游的出现和延续, 迄今为止, 由于特定原因, 应对过度旅游的措施对这些趋势无效。这包括不愿意接受和游客人数相关的问题, 不愿意在从地方到国际各级进行减少或有效管理游客人数。

本文讨论了许多旅游目的地未能解决过度旅游问题的原因。目前的缓解办法需要重新审视, 并更好地与所有区域发展方面相关的管理和控制措施相结合, 并加以规章立制, 以便在各级获得和保持政界支持。

它概述了未来研究的潜在方向, 因此对目的地管理机构具有实际意义。特别是, 目前的缓解办法需要重新审视, 并更好地与所有区域发展方面相关的管理和控制措施相结合, 并加以规章立制, 以便在各级获得和保持政界支持。

在许多人的心目中, 过度旅游是一个非常严重的社会问题, 本文解释了为什么这个问题很难解决。对过去失败的评估可使旅游目的地居民能够提出不同和更有效的措施, 特别是这些措施该如何实施。

创新点/价值（限100字）

之前很少有人试图分析未能有效缓解或防止过度旅游的原因。本文在这一领域作出了独创性贡献, 对文献中研究和讨论的内容进行了评估, 总结了业界和学界的不足之处, 总结了公共部门政策的失败。

Este trabajo es un artículo de perspectiva y se centra en un análisis de la literatura relevante sobre el tema objeto de estudio a través de un marco conceptual. Se destacan los roles cambiantes del desarrollo del turismo y de las organizaciones de marketing, así como los errores de las organizaciones del sector público para controlar y gestionar el turismo. Se presentan los diversos métodos para limitar el número de turistas y se analizan sus debilidades.

La finalidad de este trabajo es identificar y revisar los intentos de mitigación y prevención de la saturación turística y esbozar las razones del fracaso hasta la fecha de dichos esfuerzos.

Las conclusiones revelan que existen una serie de tendencias globales que están contribuyendo a la aparición y continuidad de la saturación turística y que, hasta la fecha, están demostrando ser inmunes a la mitigación y resolución por razones específicas. Éstas incluyen la falta de voluntad para aceptar el problema del número de turistas y reducirlos o gestionarlos de manera eficaz en todos los niveles, desde el ámbito local hasta el internacional.

El trabajo analiza lo que se considera como las razones del fracaso para resolver la saturación turística en muchos destinos turísticos. Los enfoques actuales para la mitigación necesitan ser revisados e integrarse mejor con la gestión y el control de todos los aspectos del desarrollo, y deben enmarcarse para lograr y mantener el apoyo político en todos los niveles.

Se identifican las áreas potenciales para un mayor estudio, así como nuevas aplicaciones y, por tanto, presenta implicaciones prácticas para las organizaciones que gestionan los destinos. En particular, los enfoques actuales de mitigación deben revisarse e integrarse mejor con la gestión y el control de todos los aspectos del desarrollo, y deben enmarcarse para lograr y retener el apoyo político en todos los niveles y ser efectivos.

La saturación turística es un problema social en la mente de muchas personas y el documento explica por qué este problema ha demostrado ser difícil de resolver. La evaluación de los fracasos del pasado debería permitir a los residentes de los destinos turísticos abogar por medidas diferentes y más eficaces y, en particular, para que esas medidas se apliquen correctamente.

Existen escasos intentos anteriores para analizar las razones del fracaso para mitigar o prevenir eficazmente la saturación turística. El artículo presenta una contribución original en esta área al mostrar una evaluación de lo que se ha investigado y discutido en la literatura y se ofrece una síntesis de las deficiencias dentro de la industria y la academia y el fracaso de las organizaciones del sector público para implementar sus políticas.

The purpose of this paper is to show the spatial extent and growth of tourism and its likely patterns as past forces of change are replaced by new pressures to reduce climate change and meet new definitions of success.

The approach involves a review of changes that have occurred over the Horizon period with a focus on the spatial spread and development of tourism, using and based on a literature review, past research and personal experience. Likely new developments are identified based on the expected result of influences including climate change mitigation and altered understandings of what is meant by success in tourism.

Much of the spatial change in tourism has been evolutionary rather than revolutionary, but in the future, restrictive forces external to tourism may change travel patterns with severe effects on long haul travel and a change in travel mode.

The research focus needs to produce effective measures of success as understood by all stakeholders in tourist destinations. Alternative destinations will need to replace those long haul destinations no longer available and research needs to refocus on managing rather than solely attracting visitors.

Long haul destinations will lose market share, destinations will change goals to satisfaction for stakeholders and travel modes will change to lower emission generators.

Destination choice will be reduced, transport modes may be limited and tourism closer to home will become the norm.

A general overview of this type has not been presented before.

揭示旅游业的空间范围和增长及其可能改变的模式, 因为以往的变化驱动力被减少气候变化的新压力并满足成功的新定义所取代。

由于缓解气候变化等影响和对旅游业成功含义的理解的改变而可能出现的一些新发展。本文基于文献综述、过去的研究和个人经验, 对综述期间发生的变化进行梳理, 重点关注旅游的空间扩散和发展。

过去, 旅游的很多空间变化是渐进式的, 而不是革命性的。但在未来, 旅游外部的限制性力量可能会改变旅行模式, 对长途旅行和旅行方式的变化产生严重影响。

研究重点需要产生为旅游目的地所有利益相关者所理解的, 有效的对于成功的衡量标准。替代性目的地将取代那些不可用的长途目的地。研究需要重新关注旅游业管理, 而不仅仅是吸引游客。

长途目的地将失去市场份额, 目的地将改变目标以满足利益相关者, 旅行模式将转变为低排放模式。

目的地的选择性将会减少, 交通方式可能会受到限制, 离家更近的旅游将成为常态。

这种类型的一般性概述以前没有研究过。

Mostrar la extensión espacial y el crecimiento del turismo y su probable patrón alterado a medida que las fuerzas de cambio del pasado son sustituidas por nuevas presiones para reducir el cambio climático y satisfacer nuevas definiciones de éxito.

Una revisión de los cambios que se han producido durante el periodo Horizonte, centrándose en la extensión espacial y el desarrollo del turismo, basándose en la revisión bibliográfica, la investigación previa y la experiencia personal, y los posibles nuevos desarrollos como resultado de antecedentes, incluyendo la mitigación del cambio climático y la alteración de la comprensión de lo que se entiende por éxito en el turismo.

Gran parte del cambio espacial en el turismo ha sido evolutivo más que revolucionario, pero, en el futuro, fuerzas restrictivas externas al turismo pueden cambiar los patrones de viaje con graves efectos en los viajes de larga distancia y un cambio en el modo de viajar.

El enfoque de la investigación necesita producir medidas efectivas de éxito tal y como las entienden todas las partes interesadas en los destinos turísticos. Los destinos alternativos tendrán que sustituir a los destinos de larga distancia que ya no estén disponibles y la investigación debe volver a centrarse en la gestión en lugar de únicamente en atraer visitantes.

Los destinos de larga distancia perderán cuota de mercado, los destinos cambiarán sus objetivos por la satisfacción de las partes interesadas y los modos de viaje cambiarán a generadores de menos emisiones.

Se reducirá la oferta de destinos, los modos de transporte pueden verse limitados y el turismo más cercano se convertirá en la norma.

No se había presentado antes una revisión general con este enfoque.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the emergence of overtourism, outline the issues and contributing factors, as it relates to cities, and to suggest possible mitigation measures that might be taken by policy makers.

This paper draws from a review of literature looking at longitudinal issues of tourism development overtime and what has contributed to the phenomena of overtourism. A discussion of implications is provided from this review.

As tourism is an industry which has historically been poorly managed, greater political will and actual acknowledgement of the problem, as well as action by all levels of government are the necessary first steps to address overtourism.

This paper outlines key elements that contribute to overtourism and provides global examples which may help practitioners identify key critical issues in their own destinations and identify appropriate actions.

This paper identifies issues raised by local resident populations and possible responses.

This paper provides a critical overview of overtourism issues, as it relates to cities and discusses potential mitigation and reduction efforts, thereby providing an explanation of why overtourism has become so prevalent.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of golf tourism in contributing to the overall sustainability of the destination community of St Andrews, Scotland.

It uses a primarily qualitative assessment of impacts supported by archive material from local sources including the local media.

Golf tourism in the town of St Andrews has a long history and has been integrated into the development of the town for many centuries. This has meant that there has been developed a positive relationship between golf and its organisation and the community, and there is widespread support for golf tourism and acknowledgement of the importance of this activity for the well-being of the town. There is acceptance that residents benefit in many ways from the presence of golf tourism in the town.

No direct quantitative assessments were made, but previous surveys of the impact of golf tourism on the town are used in drawing the conclusions. Extensive literary research was conducted on attitudes and perceptions of community residents to golf tourism.

It is clear that the concept of sustainable development is context specific in terms of its validity and effectiveness, and it should be examined in terms of local conditions and arrangements.

In this case, an activity that has taken place in the community for 500 years is widely accepted and improved through tourism development.

While case studies are not always of benefit and often reflect only a single viewpoint at one time, this paper shows that implications can be drawn from case studies that reflect situations that exist in other destinations.

The Memex Research Institute (MemRI), an independent non‐profit research and development organization, has created an Electronic Library Program of shared research and development in order to make the vision of Vannevar Bush's “memex” more concrete. The program is working toward the creation of large, publicly available indexed electronic image collections of published documents in academic, special and public libraries. The initial objective of the Memex Research Institute has been the development of a strategic plan that defines a combination of publicly searchable access databases, image (and text) document collections stored on network “file servers,” local and remote network access, and an intellectual property management control system. This combination of technology and information content is defined in this plan as an E‐Library or E‐Library Collection.

This study aims to discuss the idea of a rethinking of tourism, as proposed in the academic literature, in the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, to evaluate the rationale for such a process and to consider by and for whom such a rethink should be undertaken.

This is a viewpoint paper, interpreting the literature on the topic of refocusing and rethinking tourism in general and identifying issues arising from such arguments – in particular, the impact of such a process on tourists and their destinations.

Whilst a rethink of tourism is appropriate and necessary in many respects, the rationale and goals of such a process need to be made specific and focussed rather than general and based on interest groups' preferences and beliefs.

Much of the discussion about rethinking tourism has focussed on what is perceived to be wrong with tourism by the various interest groups rather than what the goal and value of a refocus might be. This paper questions that approach and argues for change at local and specific levels rather than a sweeping and generalised approach.

This paper aims to identify key problems destinations face in maintaining their appeal to the tourist market while experiencing increasing numbers of visitors and impacts upon the quality of their offerings.

The paper examines the literature on impacts of tourism and the application of sustainable development principals in the context of destination development, along with the most recent literature on the concept of resilience and its application to tourism.

The paper briefly examines the concerns over the increasing numbers of visitors and their motivations, and then the likely effects on key attributes of destinations. The limitations of using the generic approach of sustainability are briefly reviewed and reasons for the failure of this approach outlined. An alternative way of protecting image and critical attributes of destinations, namely, the application of the concept of resilience, is then discussed. This approach is described and potential applications are presented.

It is argued that a switch from trying to amend the behaviour of tourists to making destinations better able to withstand inevitable impacts of increased visitation is a much more realistic and feasible approach which does not necessarily involve reducing visitor numbers or attempting to change markets. This approach is a more appropriate way to ensure a longer life-cycle for destinations.

Until now, relatively little has been presented on the application of resilience to tourism and to destinations in particular; yet, the potential benefits of this approach are considerable and deserve wider consideration.

The purpose of this paper is to present a viewpoint about the short- and long-term future of tourism in the light of the effects of the response to Covid-19 and the implications of potential changes tourism might be facing.

The paper is based on a review of current media and academic commentaries and articles on the impact of Covid-19 on tourism, and the likelihood of changes being forced on tourism by external agents of change desiring a different form that the industry should take.

Current concerns and changes in patterns of tourism are being driven by two main forces: restrictions imposed on travel, both domestic and international, and fear by potential tourists and destination hosts of infection being caused by the resumption of tourist travel. The situation is extremely vulnerable, changing long-established patterns of behaviour and the effects of tourism on economies, communities and environments. The future for tourism is seen as generally positive in the long term, but agents of change opposed to the traditional patterns of tourism may create a negative environment that could cause severe disruption to the industry and its customers, unless tourism displays willingness and resolve to correct previously inappropriate ways of operating.

This paper presents a viewpoint about the short- and long-term future of tourism.

The study aims to explore the possibility of redefining success in tourism and measuring such a phenomenon by considering alternatives to economic factors, and to identify the ways such measurement could be implemented.

The study reviews and explains current approaches to defining and measuring success in tourism in the literature, followed by identification of alternative factors which could be measured and the implications of such a change in approach.

There has been a long-standing emphasis and priority placed on measuring tourism at the national level with a focus on economic criteria, and this has been followed at regional and local levels. The result has been that success has become equated with volume, supporting the aim of continued growth in tourism. Such an approach and attitude mitigate against achieving or moving towards sustainability, and other measures are needed to avoid problems such as overtourism.

There has been little discussion of moving to a wider range of indicators of success in tourism, and the previous focus has been on economic criteria and competitiveness as shown by tourist numbers. This paper presents a discussion of an alternative approach, showing that tourism stakeholders from national to local levels need to redefine success as including factors such as community and environmental well-being and focus on a wider concept of success. Using existing data and organisations would enable measuring such concepts to be done without major change or greatly increased costs to agencies.