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Article
Publication date: 1 October 2018

Prashant Singh, Rajesh Kumar Jha, Rajat Kumar Singh and B.R. Singh

Development of (1T-type) ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM) has most actively progressed since 1995 and motivated by the physical limits and technological drawbacks of the…

230

Abstract

Purpose

Development of (1T-type) ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM) has most actively progressed since 1995 and motivated by the physical limits and technological drawbacks of the flash memory. 1T-type FeRAM implements ferroelectric layer at the field effect transistor (FET) gate. During the course of the investigation, it was very difficult to form a thermodynamically stable ferroelectric-semiconductor interface at the FET gate, leading to the introduction of one insulating buffer layer between the ferroelectric and the silicon substrate to overcome this problem. In this study, Al2O3 a high-k buffer layer deposited by plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) is sandwiched between the ferroelectric layer and silicon substrate.

Design/methodology/approach

Ferroelectric/high-k gate stack were fabricated on the silicon substrate and pt electrode. Structural characteristics of the ferroelectric (PZT) and high-k (Al2O3) thin film deposited by RF sputtering and PEALD, respectively, were optimized and investigated for different process parameters. Metal/PZT/Metal, Metal/PZT/Silicon, Metal/PZT/Al2O3/Silicon structures were fabricated and electrically characterized to obtain the memory window, leakage current, hysteresis, PUND, endurance and breakdown characteristics.

Findings

XRD pattern shows the ferroelectric perovskite thin Pb[Zr0.35Ti0.65]O3 film with (101) tetragonal orientation deposited by sputtering and PEALD Al2O3 with (312) orientation showing amorphous nature. Multiple angle analysis shows that the refractive index of PZT varies from 2.248 to 2.569, and PEALD Al2O3 varies from 1.6560 to 1.6957 with post-deposition annealing temperature. Increase in memory window from 2.3 to 8.4 V for the Metal-Ferroelectric-Silicon (MFS) and Metal-Ferroelectric-Insulator-Semiconductor (MFIS) structure has been observed at the annealing temperature of 500°C. MFIS structure with 10 nm buffer layer shows excellent endurance of 3 × 109 read-write cycles and the breakdown voltage of 33 V.

Originality/value

This paper shows the feature, principle and improvement in the electrical properties of the fabricated gate stack for 1T-type nonvolatile FeFET. The insulating buffer layer sandwiched between ferroelectric and silicon substrate acts as a barrier to ferroelectric–silicon interdiffusion improves the leakage current, memory window, endurance and breakdown voltage. This is perhaps the first time that the combination of sputtered PZT on the PEALD Al2O3 layer is being reported.

Details

Microelectronics International, vol. 35 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1356-5362

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Article
Publication date: 3 June 2020

Prashant Singh, Rajesh Kumar Jha, Manish Goswami and B.R. Singh

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of high-k material HfO2 as a buffer layer for the fabrication of metal-ferroelectric-insulator-silicon (MFeIS) structures on…

254

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of high-k material HfO2 as a buffer layer for the fabrication of metal-ferroelectric-insulator-silicon (MFeIS) structures on Si (100) substrate.

Design/methodology/approach

RF-sputtered Pb[Zr0.35Ti0.65]O3 or (PZT) and plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposited HfO2 films were selected as the ferroelectric and high-k buffer layer, respectively, for the fabrication of metal-ferroelectric-insulator-silicon (MFeIS) structures on Si (100) substrate. Multiple angle ellipsometry and X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out to obtain the crystal orientation, refractive index and absorption coefficient parameters of the deposited/annealed films. In the different range of annealing temperature, the refractive index was observed in the range of 2.9 to 2 and 1.86 to 2.64 for the PZT and HfO2 films, respectively

Findings

Electrical and ferroelectric properties of the dielectric and ferroelectric films and their stacks were obtained by fabricating the metal/ferroelectric/silicon (MFeS), metal/ferroelectric/metal, metal/insulator/silicon and MFeIS capacitor structures. A closed hysteresis loop with remnant polarization of 4.6 µC/cm2 and coercive voltage of 2.1 V was observed in the PZT film annealed at 5000 C. Introduction of HfO2 buffer layer (10 nm) improves the memory window from 5.12 V in MFeS to 6.4 V in MFeIS structure with one order reduction in the leakage current density. The same MFeS device was found having excellent fatigue resistance property for greater than 1010 read/write cycles and data retention time more than 3 h.

Originality/value

The MFeIS structure has been fabricated with constant PZT thickness and varied buffer layer (HfO2) thickness. Electrical characteristics shows the improved leakage current and memory window in the MFeIS structures as compared to the MFeS structures. Optimized MFeIS structure with 10-nm buffer layer shows the excellent ferroelectric properties with endurance greater than E10 read/write cycles and data retention time higher than 3 h. The above properties indicate the MFe(100 nm)I(10 nm)S gate stack as a potential candidate for the FeFET-based nonvolatile memory applications.

Details

Microelectronics International, vol. 37 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1356-5362

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Article
Publication date: 2 December 2020

Srichandan Sahu and K.V.S.S. Narayana Rao

To assess the state of supply chain management (SCM) research in India and to understand the research trends and methodologies used. The present study also aims to create a…

1117

Abstract

Purpose

To assess the state of supply chain management (SCM) research in India and to understand the research trends and methodologies used. The present study also aims to create a taxonomy of the subject areas researched in India.

Design/methodology/approach

The present study employed the systematic literature review methodology. Literature from 395 peer journal papers in 67 leading journals over a 20-year period (2000–2020 Quarter-1) was comprehensively reviewed and assessed.

Findings

SCM research in India started around the year 2000. The quantum of research was low (single digit) until 2010. There has been steady growth over the last decade, and over 50% of the total papers up until now has been published in the last four years. The present study created a three-tiered taxonomy of the subject areas and classified the papers as per it. The first tier (level-1) has seven categories (SCM strategy, network design, SCM processes and integration, IT systems, skills, performance measurement and others). A perusal of the newly created taxonomy revealed that, except for a few areas under level-1 categories (such as SCM processes and SCM strategy), the other level-1 categories have not seen much research. Similarly, there is little or no research in a large number of level-2 categories (such as outsourcing strategy, channel strategy, demand management, demand fulfillment, customer relationship management, integrated supply chain planning, new product development, returns, supply chain orientation, performance monitoring, performance improvement, SCM adoption process, SCM implementation issues and quantified benefits of SCM). Methodologically, the rigor of SCM research in India needs improvement.

Originality/value

A comprehensive taxonomy of SCM subject areas researched in India at three cascading levels was created for the first time in the present study. The taxonomy will help provide researchers with a clear understanding of the structure of the subject areas and help in identifying areas where research has been carried out and the subject areas where gaps exist for future research to proceed. The present study also provides an overview of the methodological rigor of SCM research in India and points out some of the limitations that researchers should avoid in future studies.

Details

Benchmarking: An International Journal, vol. 28 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1463-5771

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Article
Publication date: 5 July 2024

Rajesh Kumar Sinha and Harshali Damle

Prior literature on the cultural determinants of cash holdings focuses on time-invariant cultural variables measured at the geographical level. These measures of culture do not…

161

Abstract

Purpose

Prior literature on the cultural determinants of cash holdings focuses on time-invariant cultural variables measured at the geographical level. These measures of culture do not capture the firm-level variation in corporate culture. Using a validated time-variant measure of firm-level corporate culture, specifically teamwork, we examine the effect of teamwork on a firm's cash holdings.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, we explore the effect of corporate teamwork culture on firms' cash holdings. Using sudden CEO turnover as an exogenous shock to a firm's teamwork culture, we find teamwork increases cash holdings. Also, we test and find two channels—financial constraint and agency—and two new labour-related channels—human capital quality and labour inefficiency—through which teamwork culture affects cash holdings. Our results are robust to endogeneity tests.

Findings

We find that teamwork increases the cash holdings of firms. We find that a firm with a high teamwork culture has higher cash holdings: an increase of one standard deviation in teamwork leads to a 14.6% rise in the mean cash holdings.

Originality/value

To our knowledge, our study is the first to introduce the firm-level teamwork cultural construct as a determinant of cash holdings.

Details

Managerial Finance, vol. 50 no. 10
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0307-4358

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Article
Publication date: 31 May 2022

Anchal Gupta and Rajesh Kumar Singh

Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are facing major difficulties with working capital, need of digitalisation and lack of skilled workforce during this crisis situation…

808

Abstract

Purpose

Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are facing major difficulties with working capital, need of digitalisation and lack of skilled workforce during this crisis situation. Managing resilience post pandemic is again a huge challenge for MSMEs. Therefore, the main objective of the study is to identify the critical barriers for recovery of MSMEs from the pandemic outbreak and recommending potential solutions for avoiding vulnerabilities.

Design/methodology/approach

The most significant barriers, which will impact MSMEs resilience issues are extracted from vast literature review, discussed with nine experts from MSMEs and further categorised into organisational, operational and technical barriers. Best–worst method (BWM) has been used to find the importance rating of barriers for developing resilience in MSMEs.

Findings

It can be observed that the organisational barriers (0.507) are the most significant, followed by operational barriers (0.300) and then, technological barriers (0.192). Liquidity crunch and inadequate technical skills of employees are the most significant barriers for MSMEs resilience during COVID-19, whereas fluctuation in input cost, unavailability of containers on time and decreased process efficiency are the least significant barriers for recovering MSMEs post COVID-19.

Practical implications

Findings imply that MSMEs should try to overcome major barriers such as resource constraints, lack of skills and knowledge and inefficient inventory planning.

Originality/value

Findings of study will be of immense use for MSMEs in efficient management of operations and in developing resilience during uncertain business environment.

Details

Benchmarking: An International Journal, vol. 30 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1463-5771

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Book part
Publication date: 21 February 2025

Shyam Sunder Agrawal and Suraj Kumar Mukti

This chapter examines the role of sustainable finance in propelling India's economic growth, drawing insights from a comprehensive review of 50 research papers. Employing a…

Abstract

This chapter examines the role of sustainable finance in propelling India's economic growth, drawing insights from a comprehensive review of 50 research papers. Employing a Boolean search strategy, the analysis delves into the influence of environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors on various entities within the Indian financial ecosystem. This chapter explores how sustainable finance practices, embraced by businesses, financial institutions and policymakers, can contribute to long-term economic prosperity while mitigating environmental and social risks. Key findings illuminate opportunities and challenges associated with integrating sustainability principles into financial decision-making. This chapter explores how India’s progress in establishing itself as a significant participant in sustainable finance can be attributed to a variety of key initiatives and policy interventions. The government's dedication to promoting environmental sustainability and facilitating the shift towards a green economy is clearly demonstrated through the implementation of diverse regulations and frameworks by regulatory entities. This chapter provides valuable guidance for stakeholders seeking to leverage sustainable finance for a more resilient and inclusive Indian economy.

Details

Digital Transformation for Business Sustainability and Growth in Emerging Markets
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-83549-109-6

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Available. Content available
Book part
Publication date: 13 December 2023

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Details

Fostering Sustainable Development in the Age of Technologies
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-83753-060-1

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Article
Publication date: 27 May 2014

V. Rajesh and Ali J. Chamkha

The purpose of this paper is to consider unsteady free convection flow of a dissipative fluid past an exponentially accelerated infinite vertical porous plate in the presence of…

128

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to consider unsteady free convection flow of a dissipative fluid past an exponentially accelerated infinite vertical porous plate in the presence of Newtonian heating and mass diffusion.

Design/methodology/approach

The problem is governed by coupled non-linear partial differential equations with appropriate boundary conditions. A Galerkin finite element numerical solution is developed to solve the resulting well-posed two-point boundary value problem. It is a powerful, stable technique which provides excellent convergence and versatility in accommodating coupled systems of ordinary and partial differential equations.

Findings

It is found that the skin friction coefficient increases with increases in either of the Eckert number, thermal Grashof number, mass Grashof number or time whereas it decreases with increases in either of the suction parameter, Schmidt number or the acceleration parameter for both air and water. The skin friction coefficient is also found to decrease with increases in the values of the Prandtl number. In addition, it is found that the rate of heat transfer increases with an increase in the suction parameter and decreases with an increase in the Eckert number for both air and water. Lastly, it is found that the rate of heat transfer increases with increasing values of the Prandtl number and decreases with increasing time for all values of the Prandtl number.

Research limitations/implications

The present study has considered only Newtonian fluids. Future studies will address non-Newtonian liquids.

Practical implications

A very useful source of information for researchers on the subject of free convective flow over the surface when the rate of heat transfer from the surface is proportional to the local surface temperature.

Originality/value

This paper is relatively original and illustrates the effects of viscous dissipation on free convective flow past an exponentially accelerated infinite vertical porous plate with Newtonian heating and mass diffusion.

Details

International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, vol. 24 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0961-5539

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Article
Publication date: 8 November 2022

Ruchi Mishra and Rajesh Kumar Singh

The study aims to review state-of-art literature on supply chain resilience in SMEs in the context of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and provides a comprehensive view of…

2010

Abstract

Purpose

The study aims to review state-of-art literature on supply chain resilience in SMEs in the context of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and provides a comprehensive view of insights gained, gaps identified and suggests potential areas of future research.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a thorough search strategy, 46 articles were found relevant for this study. Each of these articles was further reviewed, classified and analysed to highlight the development of literature in this field and identify the significant focal area of research in this domain.

Findings

The classification of studies indicates a growing number of articles in the last two years with a significant focus on multiple industries and survey-based research design. The study's findings suggest that literature on supply chain resilience in SMEs falls into four categories: supply chain resilience principle, impact of COVID-19 pandemic on SMEs, strategies for developing supply chain resilience and role of Industry 4.0 technologies in supply chain resilience. We also identified knowledge gaps and suggested directions for future research to catalyse studies at the interface of supply chain resilience, SMEs and COVID-19 pandemic.

Research limitations/implications

The generalisability of this study can be limited to a specific population of online databases and selected time periods chosen for a particular period.

Originality/value

The study provides a structured literature review on studies published between 2012 and 2022 for the use of academicians and practitioners. Findings will be of great value for SMEs to improve their resilience during the uncertain business environment.

Details

International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, vol. 40 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0265-671X

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Article
Publication date: 10 October 2022

Thamarassery Abduljaleel Jessin, A. Rajeev and R. Rajesh

Due to increasing uncertainty in the global business scenario, research on supply chain resilience is gaining significance. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated…

485

Abstract

Purpose

Due to increasing uncertainty in the global business scenario, research on supply chain resilience is gaining significance. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated and magnified the issues already pertaining in the supply chain thereby increasing the vulnerabilities in the network. This study attempts to build the concept of pseudo-resilience in supplier selection and evaluation for supply chain sustainability.

Design/methodology/approach

A combination of multi-criteria decision-making methods AHP and R is adopted, and an integrated method called Combined AHP–R method is used to identify and include the property of pseudo-resilience into supplier selection processes.

Findings

The authors identified various factors contributing to pseudo-resilience considering supplier selection process and found the most important attribute. Using the combined AHP–R method, the suppliers were evaluated, considering the attributes contributing to the pseudo-resilience of supply chains and best supplier was selected.

Originality/value

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study addressing a supplier selection problem for sustainable supply chains, considering pseudo-resilience. Also, this is the first study to apply the AHP–R method for supplier selection in the resilience or sustainability context.

Details

International Journal of Emerging Markets, vol. 18 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1746-8809

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