Surendra Balaji Devarakonda, Pallavi Bulusu, Marwan Al-rjoub, Amit Bhattacharya and Rupak Kumar Banerjee
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of external head cooling on alleviating the heat stress in the human body by analyzing the temperatures of the core body (Tc)…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of external head cooling on alleviating the heat stress in the human body by analyzing the temperatures of the core body (Tc), blood (Tblood) and head (Th) during exercise conditions using 3D whole body model.
Design/methodology/approach
Computational study is conducted to comprehend the influence of external head cooling on Tc, Tblood and Th. The Pennes bioheat and energy balance equations formulated for the whole-body model are solved concurrently to obtain Tc, Tblood and Th for external head cooling values from 33 to 233 W/m2. Increased external head cooling of 404 W/m2 is used to compare the numerical and experimental Th data.
Findings
Significant reductions of 0.21°C and 0.38°C are observed in Th with external head cooling of 233 and 404 W/m2, respectively. However, for external head cooling of 233 W/m2, lesser reductions of 0.03°C and 0.06°C are found in Tc and Tblood, respectively. Computational results for external head cooling of 404 W/m2 show a difference of 15 per cent in Th compared to experimental values from literature.
Originality/value
The development of stress because of heat generated within human body is major concern for athletes exercising at high intensities. This study provides an insight into the effectiveness of external head cooling in regulating the head and body temperatures during exercise conditions.
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A. Gens and D.M. Potts
Elasto‐plastic models based on critical state formulations have been successful in describing many of the most important features of the mechanical behaviour of soils. This review…
Abstract
Elasto‐plastic models based on critical state formulations have been successful in describing many of the most important features of the mechanical behaviour of soils. This review paper deals with the applications of this class of models to the numerical analysis of geotechnical problems. After a brief overview of the development of the models, the basic critical state formulation is presented together with the main modifications which have actually been used in computational applications. The problems associated with the numerical implementation of this type of models are then discussed. Finally, a summary of reported computational applications and some specific examples of analyses of geotechnical problems using critical state models are presented.
R.K. Banerjee and S.C. Sengupta
Rebulac has been found to be highly suitable for the production of water‐thinnable primers and gloss paints formulations. The baked films on ferrous and non‐ferrous metals are…
Abstract
Rebulac has been found to be highly suitable for the production of water‐thinnable primers and gloss paints formulations. The baked films on ferrous and non‐ferrous metals are highly adherent, hard and water‐resistant, in contrast to aqueous lac varnishes. The possibilities of the development of aqueous zinc chrome primers based on Rebulac has also been indicated.
Refin Dimas Pratama and Ancella Anitawati Hermawan
Governance can often be assessed as one part of directing companies’ action toward something better. This study examines how governance quality at the country level and firm level…
Abstract
Governance can often be assessed as one part of directing companies’ action toward something better. This study examines how governance quality at the country level and firm level can affect sustainability performance that aligns with sustainable development goals (SDG). Prior academic literature explains that if a country has a low institutional condition, it is a great challenge to implement sustainability. However, the internal awareness of the company to implement sustainability plays an important role as well. To examine the research question, this study uses the banking sector as a research sample with an observation period from 2017 to 2019. Prior literature overlooks research in the banking sector and does not feature country-level governance with firm-level governance. The data were collected either from the annual report or sustainability report, which comprises 141 companies, with the total observation of 423 firm-year. This study used panel data regression analysis and was based on the Hausman Test; it shows that random effect is used to test the hypothesis. This research finds that good quality governance at the country level, results in good sustainability performance. However, contrary to expectations regarding the quality of firm-level governance, which is thought to be positively related to sustainability performance, this study found a negative relationship. The argument that might answer the finding is the existence of governance conditions at the state level and at the firm level that mutually subsidize each other. This research contributes to policymakers continuing to provide counseling and improve institutional conditions to motivate companies to support the achievement of the SDGs. Companies should also pay attention to the effectiveness of their internal governance and strive to use stakeholder opinions as a guide in the realization of SDGs.
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Md. Anwarul Abedin and Rajib Shaw
The contamination of groundwater by natural arsenic is currently a worldwide epidemic. Arsenic-contaminated groundwater has been reported in Argentina, Chile, Mexico, China…
Abstract
The contamination of groundwater by natural arsenic is currently a worldwide epidemic. Arsenic-contaminated groundwater has been reported in Argentina, Chile, Mexico, China, Hungary, West Bengal in India, Bangladesh, and Vietnam. Of these regions, Bangladesh and West Bengal are the most seriously affected in terms of the size of the population at risk and magnitude of health problems. Hence, chronic exposure to arsenic >50′′μg/L in drinking water can result in serious health problems. Common symptoms of arsenic-related ailments are skin, cardiovascular, renal, hematological, and respiratory disorders. Therefore, this chapter focuses on nature, origin, and extent of groundwater arsenic contamination, probable causes, and its impacts on food, drinking water, and social coverage. It further discloses mitigation approaches proposed and practiced by the different research groups to combat this problem and finally concludes.
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Md. Borhan Uddin Bhuiyan and Yuanyuan Hu
This research investigates the impact of corporate donations on the cost of equity capital. We argue that corporate donations reduce firm risk and improve reputation, affecting…
Abstract
Purpose
This research investigates the impact of corporate donations on the cost of equity capital. We argue that corporate donations reduce firm risk and improve reputation, affecting the cost of equity.
Design/methodology/approach
We employ a large international sample of 44 countries from 2002 to 2019. We use several econometric methods and conduct a range of sensitivity tests to examine the robustness of findings.
Findings
We find that corporate donations reduce the cost of equity capital. In terms of economic significance, the study shows that one standard deviation increase in corporate donations leads to a 12.9 to 14.9 basis point decrease in the cost of equity capital. The additional analyses reveal that donation patterns, country-specific attributes and macroeconomic characteristics likely influence the findings. Our results are robust to a batch of sensitivity tests, including GMM regression analysis and tests with alternative measures for corporate donations and the cost of equity capital.
Practical implications
Our research findings have practical implications. Policymakers can encourage firms to undertake philanthropic activities to reduce business risk, which benefits both firms and investors.
Originality/value
We contribute to the theoretical discussion about the role of corporate philanthropy. We argue that firm risk is reduced due to philanthropic activities such as corporate donations. Overall, our results suggest that corporate donations affect worldwide external financing costs.
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A systems perspective of waste management allows an integratedapproach not only to the five basic functional elements of wastemanagement itself (generation, reduction, collection…
Abstract
A systems perspective of waste management allows an integrated approach not only to the five basic functional elements of waste management itself (generation, reduction, collection, recycling, disposal), but to the problems arising at the interfaces with the management of energy, nature conservation, environmental protection, economic factors like unemployment and productivity, etc. This monograph separately describes present practices and the problems to be solved in each of the functional areas of waste management and at the important interfaces. Strategies for more efficient control are then proposed from a systems perspective. Systematic and objective means of solving problems become possible leading to optimal management and a positive contribution to economic development, not least through resource conservation. India is the particular context within which waste generation and management are discussed. In considering waste disposal techniques, special attention is given to sewage and radioactive wastes.
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Given that this book places the interconnectedness of international sustainable development and education particularly in times of crises at the centre of attention, it is…
Abstract
Given that this book places the interconnectedness of international sustainable development and education particularly in times of crises at the centre of attention, it is impossible to disregard the nuanced nature of this crisis context. Based on a review of relevant literature, this chapter focuses on the following four main areas. First, it analyses the complex nature of the definition of the crisis, as multiple attempts to understand the phenomenon of crises and their various classifications have been consensual in recognising that crises are multidimensional and interrelated, that they are integral to the process of change and that they present a range of interconnected factors that distort the normal operation of people, organisations, their relationships, resources, etc. Second, this chapter explains the phenomenon of glocalisation in relation to crises to further detail how intertwined different crises are. When applied to the analysis of crises, the phenomenon of glocalisation is paramount in understanding how locally born crises can trigger globally reaching effects and vice versa. Third, this chapter discusses the impact of crises on international sustainable development. Finally, it is proposed in this chapter that education should be viewed as an important tool in tackling crises and, thus, easing the progress towards sustainable development internationally. This chapter provides important contextualisation regarding the evolving multidimensional and intertwined crises against the background of which the discussion in this book embarks on in its subsequent parts.
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The boundary element and finite element methods have been combined so as to allow for arbitrary intermixing of element types in modelling problems of axisymmetric…
Abstract
The boundary element and finite element methods have been combined so as to allow for arbitrary intermixing of element types in modelling problems of axisymmetric thermoelasticity, including body forces due to rotational inertia. The formulation for combining the methods is given, and a general purpose, finite element program has been generalized to accommodate both types of elements and to determine stresses within and on the boundary of boundary‐type elements after the primary solution for the displacements. Example problems demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the technique.