Carroll L. Estes and Linda A. Bergthold
In the mid 1980s, amidst a massive restructuring of U.S. capital and a retrenchment of the welfare state, little attention has been paid to the ill‐defined “nonprofit” or…
Abstract
In the mid 1980s, amidst a massive restructuring of U.S. capital and a retrenchment of the welfare state, little attention has been paid to the ill‐defined “nonprofit” or “voluntary” service sector in the American economy. The Filer Commission on Private Philanthropy and Public Needs characterised it in 1975 in the following way:
This chapter focuses on the Trump administration's health policies, with an emphasis on its efforts to repeal the Affordable Care Act and its response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It…
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Trump administration's health policies, with an emphasis on its efforts to repeal the Affordable Care Act and its response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It assesses those policies both in the context of the administration's broader goals and motivations, and in the context of systemic deficits and deficiencies in American health policy. I argue that failures of health policy and health security in the face of the pandemic reflect those longstanding weaknesses, much more so than the administration's actions (or inaction).
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As requirements for system performance and density increase, more attention is being given to chip‐on‐board (COB) packaging techniques. COB is ‘surface mount packaging taken to…
Abstract
As requirements for system performance and density increase, more attention is being given to chip‐on‐board (COB) packaging techniques. COB is ‘surface mount packaging taken to the extreme’ as it involves the direct mounting of bare semiconductor die to printed circuit board substrates. In this paper, the ‘thermal resistance’ of a single COB package is proposed. An analytical model for this resistance is developed for a multilayer board configuration using a combination of Fourier transform and adjoint‐solution techniques. Parameters in the model include the chip and board geometric parameters, individual layer unit conductances, and top and bottom surface film coefficients. A series of curves are developed from the model. These curves may be used in the initial design process to determine, for example, required film coefficients and the efficacy of adding thermal planes to the board. The model is also used to test the adequacy of the ‘effective series conductivity’ of a multilayer board.
Richard L. Brinkman and June E. Brinkman
The Berle and Means thesis focuses on a managerial revolution in which corporate control came to be transferred from owners to managers. Currently, it is arguable that control of…
Abstract
The Berle and Means thesis focuses on a managerial revolution in which corporate control came to be transferred from owners to managers. Currently, it is arguable that control of corporate policy has shifted back to owners in what has come to be called “investor capitalism.” Stock market manipulators, as owners, have currently come to assert increased levels of control over CEO autonomy. This empirical reality appears in a vicious circle culminating in excessive CEO profits. The result has been to give support to a basic Veblenian assertion that imbecile business institutions hold sway to direct and dominate the economic process. In this process, the making of money rather than the production of goods serviceable for basic human needs have increasingly come to prevail over the US economy and culture.
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Fernando Rojas and Victor Leiva
The objective of this paper is to propose a methodology based on random demand inventory models and dependence structures for a set of raw materials, referred to as “components”…
Abstract
Purpose
The objective of this paper is to propose a methodology based on random demand inventory models and dependence structures for a set of raw materials, referred to as “components”, used by food services that produce food rations referred to as “menus”.
Design/methodology/approach
The contribution margins of food services that produce menus are optimised using random dependent demand inventory models. The statistical dependence between the demand for components and/or menus is incorporated into the model through the multivariate Gaussian (or normal) distribution. The contribution margins are optimised by using probabilistic inventory models for each component and stochastic programming with a differential evolution algorithm.
Findings
When compared to the non-optimised system previously used by the company, the (average) expected contribution margin increases by 18.32 per cent when using a continuous review inventory model for groceries and uniperiodic models for perishable components (optimised system).
Research limitations/implications
The multivariate modeling can be improved by using (a) other non-Gaussian (marginal) univariate probability distributions, by means of the copula method that considers more complex statistical dependence structures; (b) time-dependence, through autoregressive time-series structures and moving average; (c) random modelling of lead-time; and (d) demands for components with values equal to zero using zero-inflated or adjusted probability distribution.
Practical implications
Professional management of the supply chain allows the users to register data concerning component identification, demand, and stock levels to subsequently be used with the proposed methodology, which must be implemented computationally.
Originality/value
The proposed multivariate methodology allows it to describe demand dependence structures through inventory models applicable to components used to produce menus in food services.
Propuesta
Este trabajo propone una metodología basada en modelos de inventarios con demanda aleatoria y estructura de dependencia para un conjunto de materias primas, denominadas “componentes”, usadas por servicios de alimentación que producen raciones alimenticias denominadas “menús”.
Diseño/Metodología
Los margen de contribución de servicios de alimentación que producen menús son optimizados empleando modelos de inventarios con demandas aleatorias dependientes. La dependencia estadística entre demandas de componentes y/o menús es incorporada en el modelado mediante la distribución gaussiana (o normal) multivariada. La optimización de los márgenes de contribución se logra usando modelos de inventarios probabilísticos para cada componente y programación estocástica mediante el algoritmo de evolución diferencial.
Resultados
El margen de contribución esperado (promedio) aumenta en un 18,32% usando modelos de inventario de revisión continua para abarrotes y modelos uniperiódicos para componentes perecederos (sistema optimizado), en relación al sistema no optimizado usado anteriormente por la compañía.
Originalidad
La metodología multivariada propuesta permite describir estructuras de dependencia de la demanda mediante modelos de inventario aplicables a componentes usados para producir menús en servicios de alimentación.
Implicancias prácticas
Una administración profesional de la gestión de la cadena de suministros permite registrar datos de la identificación del componente, su demanda y sus niveles de stock para ser usados posteriormente con la metodología propuesta, la que debe estar implementada computacionalmente.
Limitaciones
El modelado multivariado puede ser mejorado (a) utilizando distribuciones probabilísticas univariadas (marginales) distintas a la gaussiana, mediante métodos de cópulas que recojan estructuras de dependencia estadística más complejas; (b) considerando demandas de componentes con valores iguales a cero, mediante distribuciones probabilísticas infladas en cero; (c) usando dependencia temporal, mediante estructuras de series de tiempo autorregresivas y de media móvil, y (d) modelando el lead-time en forma aleatoria.
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Keywords
- Contribution margins
- Multivariate distribution
- Optimization methods
- Probabilistic inventory models
- Statistical dependence
- dependencia estadística
- distribuciones multivariantes
- márgenes de contribución
- modelos de inventarios probabilísticos
- métodos de optimización
- modelos de inventarios probabilísticos
Nuray Buyucek, Kathy Knox and Sharyn Rundle-Thiele
This paper aimed to examine the role of social factors and individual factors on alcohol drinking in a licensed premise.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aimed to examine the role of social factors and individual factors on alcohol drinking in a licensed premise.
Design/methodology/approach
An unobtrusive covert systematic observational study of 632 licensed premise patrons was conducted during May 2015.
Findings
Convergence between genders was observed with females drinking as much and as long as males; 57.9 per cent of patrons drank two and more servings, exceeding daily recommended amounts. Social factors such as group size are more influential on drinking than individual factors such as gender and smoking status. Serving practices such as straws and buying drinks in rounds influence the quantity of alcohol consumed.
Research limitations/implications
The study focussed on one licensed premise. Replication of the method outlined in the current study in different licensed venues, states and countries will permit the role of policy, drinking environments and drinking cultures to be understood.
Practical implications
Drinking patterns of both genders are converging. Thus, intervention efforts should target both genders.
Originality/value
This paper contributes a structured observation protocol that extends our understanding of alcohol drinking beyond quantity by incorporating observation of duration of consumption for each serve, permitting identification of social and environmental factors that can be used to lower licensed premise alcohol drinking.
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José Ramón Cardona, Daniel Álvarez Bassi and María Dolores Sánchez-Fernández
The perception of costs and benefits allows residents to carry out an assessment that determines their attitude towards tourism. This study seeks to determine the effect of the…
Abstract
The perception of costs and benefits allows residents to carry out an assessment that determines their attitude towards tourism. This study seeks to determine the effect of the perceived benefits and costs (economic, sociocultural and environmental) on the support to the arrival of more tourists, both directly and mediated by overall attitude towards tourism, in the case of Punta del Este. Punta del Este forms part of the Department of Maldonado and is the main sun and beach tourism destination in the Oriental Republic of Uruguay. The questionnaire contained items with five-point Likert scales and sociodemographic questions. The data used (obtained between March and August 2016) are made up of a sample of 420 residents from Maldonado and Punta del Este. The analysis of the data has been carried out through partial least squares (PLS) regression, specifically SmartPLS. Among the results, it should be noted that benefits and costs perceived have no direct effect on the support to the arrival of more tourists; only economic benefits (positive) and sociocultural costs (negative) have a significant effect on the overall attitude towards tourism; the support to the arrival of more tourists depends exclusively on the overall attitude.
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Xiao Liang, Mary Quinton, Jet Veldhuijzen van Zanten, Zhaoyu Duan, Barnaby Zoob Carter, Andrew Heyes, Mark Lee, Abdullah Alharbi and Shushu Chen
The global hosting of major events is garnering increasing attention from governments. As this phenomenon expands into emerging states, where arguably the most severe inequalities…
Abstract
Purpose
The global hosting of major events is garnering increasing attention from governments. As this phenomenon expands into emerging states, where arguably the most severe inequalities exist, the question of who truly benefits from these events has not been systematically scrutinised, particularly from an Equality, Diversity and Inclusion (EDI) perspective. Therefore, adopting a nuanced segmentation approach is increasingly vital to assess the diverse impacts of hosting major sporting events on varied populations. This systematic review offers a broad and exploratory investigation into how major sporting events affect communities and individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds (CIDBs).
Design/methodology/approach
In alignment with the PRISMA guidelines, four academic databases were searched to identify peer-reviewed articles published in English-language journals from 2000 to 2023. A total of 95 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, culminating in a final sample of 14 articles in the review.
Findings
The selected articles showed moderate quality and primarily used qualitative methods. The urban theories or event leverage frameworks are frequently employed. There are four legacy/impact themes that emerged: social, economic, sport and infrastructure. The prevailing conclusion is that CIDBs tend to experience negative legacies from these events.
Research limitations/implications
This research underscores the pressing need for more socially responsible and equitable approaches to event hosting. Failing to tackle these crucial issues may intensify existing inequalities and provoke significant public dissatisfaction, thereby jeopardising the overarching goals these major events strive to accomplish.
Originality/value
This review marks the first of its kind, offering a thorough and comprehensive synthesis of evidence concerning the legacies of major events for CIDBs.
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As high-tech industries are the main responsible for research and development (R&D), the purpose of this paper is to investigate some of the possible determinants of R&D…
Abstract
Purpose
As high-tech industries are the main responsible for research and development (R&D), the purpose of this paper is to investigate some of the possible determinants of R&D investment in this type of industry.
Design/methodology/approach
The analysis is based on a sample of European high-tech industries represented both by countries of civil law origin and common law origin. The authors used data from 155 high-tech firms in the period between 2011 and 2016. The sample was collected from Amadeus database. The panel data methodology was used to test the dependence of R&D expenses ratio according to different variables. Specifically, the authors have used the generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation method.
Findings
The results point out that there are differences in the explanation of the R&D ratio depending on whether the authors are dealing with countries of civil legal origin or common legal origin. The evidence also suggests that the intangible assets, contrary to the expect result, have a negative influence on R&D. Probably in this recovery time, as de global financial crisis and the sovereign debt crisis for Eurozone countries, the high-tech firms are using their intangible assets to create value and not for more investments in R&D. Companies are not renewing their asset stocks.
Originality/value
As high-tech companies are traditionally rich in R&D, this research can contribute with additional pieces to the knowledge of the factors that contribute to this. Thereby, this study may be interesting for managers, investors and civil society. This study adds value as it is unique in addressing this topic on this new dimension, with respect to the sample and indicators presented.
Propósito
Como las industrias de alta tecnología son las principales responsables por la I + D, proponemos investigar algunos de los posibles determinantes de la inversión en I + D en este tipo de industria.
Diseño/metodología
Nuestro análisis se basa en una muestra de indústrias europeas de alta tecnología representadas tanto por países de origen civil como por derecho consuetudinario. Utilizamos datos de 155 empresas de alta tecnología en el período comprendido entre 2011 y 2016. Nuestra muestra se recopiló de la base de datos Amadeus. La metodología Panel Data se utilizó para evaluar la dependencia del índice de gastos de I + D de acuerdo con diferentes variables. Específicamente, hemos utilizado el método de estimación del Método Generalizado de Momentos (GMM).
Resultados
Nuestros resultados señalan que existen diferencias en la explicación de la relación de I + D dependiendo de si estamos tratando con países de origen legal civil u origen legal común. Nuestra evidencia también sugiere que los activos intangibles, al contrario del resultado esperado, tienen una influencia negativa en la I + D. Probablemente en este tiempo de recuperación económica, desde la crisis financiera mundial y la crisis de la deuda soberana para los países de la zona euro, las empresas de alta tecnología están utilizando sus activos intangibles para crear valor y no para más inversiones en I + D. Las empresas no renuevan sus activos.
Originalidad/valor
Dado que las empresas de alta tecnología son tradicionalmente ricas en I + D, esta investigación puede contribuir con piezas adicionales al conocimiento de los factores que contribuyen a esto. Por lo tanto, este artículo puede ser interesante para gerentes, inversores y la sociedad civil. Este artículo agrega valor, ya que es único al abordar este tema en esta nueva dimensión, con respecto a la muestra y los indicadores presentados.
Objetivo
Como as indústrias de alta tecnologia são as principais responsáveis pela investigação e desenvolvimento, neste trabalho propomos investigar alguns dos possíveis determinantes da I&D nesse tipo de indústria.
Metodologia
A Nossa análise é baseada em uma amostra de indústrias europeias de alta tecnologia representadas por países de origem do direito civil e de direito comum. Foram utilizados dados de 155 empresas de alta tecnologia no período compreendido entre 2011 e 2016. Os dados foram recolhidos da base de dados Amadeus. Foi usada a metodologia de Dados em Painel para testar a dependência entre as despesas de I&D e as diferentes variáveis explicativas. Especificamente, usamos o método de estimação Método generalizado de momentos (GMM).
Resultados
Os nossos resultados apontam que existem diferenças na explicação do índice de I&D, dependendo de estarmos lidando com países de origem legal civil ou de origem legal comum. As evidências também sugerem que os ativos intangíveis, ao contrário do resultado esperado, influenciam negativamente a I&D. Provavelmente neste período de recuperação económica, desde a crise financeira global e a crise da dívida soberana dos países da zona do euro, as empresas de alta tecnologia estão a usar os seus ativos intangíveis para criar valor e não para mais investimentos em I&D. As empresas não estão a renovar os seus ativos.
Originalidade/valor
Como as empresas de alta tecnologia são tradicionalmente ricas em I&D, este trabalho pode contribuir com peças adicionais para o conhecimento dos fatores que contribuem para esse facto. Assim, este artigo pode ser interessante para gestores, investidores e sociedade civil. Trata-se de uma investigação que agrega valor, pois é único ao abordar este tópico nesta nova dimensão, com relação à amostra e às variáveis apresentadas.