Search results

1 – 10 of over 138000
Per page
102050
Citations:
Loading...

Abstract

Many jurisdictions fine illegal cartels using penalty guidelines that presume an arbitrary 10% overcharge. This article surveys more than 700 published economic studies and judicial decisions that contain 2,041 quantitative estimates of overcharges of hard-core cartels. The primary findings are: (1) the median average long-run overcharge for all types of cartels over all time periods is 23.0%; (2) the mean average is at least 49%; (3) overcharges reached their zenith in 1891–1945 and have trended downward ever since; (4) 6% of the cartel episodes are zero; (5) median overcharges of international-membership cartels are 38% higher than those of domestic cartels; (6) convicted cartels are on average 19% more effective at raising prices as unpunished cartels; (7) bid-rigging conduct displays 25% lower markups than price-fixing cartels; (8) contemporary cartels targeted by class actions have higher overcharges; and (9) when cartels operate at peak effectiveness, price changes are 60–80% higher than the whole episode. Historical penalty guidelines aimed at optimally deterring cartels are likely to be too low.

Details

The Law and Economics of Class Actions
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78350-951-5

Keywords

Access Restricted. View access options
Article
Publication date: 1 January 1984

MICHAEL DAVID BORDO and EHSAN U. CHOUDHRI

How well does the “Law of One Price” operate across countries? Interest in this question has been stimulated by the Monetary Aproach to the Balance of Payments (Frenkel and…

105

Abstract

How well does the “Law of One Price” operate across countries? Interest in this question has been stimulated by the Monetary Aproach to the Balance of Payments (Frenkel and Johnson (1975)) which uses the law to determine the price of traded goods in open economies.

Details

Studies in Economics and Finance, vol. 8 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1086-7376

Access Restricted. View access options
Book part
Publication date: 29 May 2009

W. Erwin Diewert

The chapter reviews and extends the theory of exact and superlative index numbers. Exact index numbers are empirical index number formula that are equal to an underlying…

Abstract

The chapter reviews and extends the theory of exact and superlative index numbers. Exact index numbers are empirical index number formula that are equal to an underlying theoretical index, provided that the consumer has preferences that can be represented by certain functional forms. These exact indexes can be used to measure changes in a consumer's cost of living or welfare. Two cases are considered: the case of homothetic preferences and the case of nonhomothetic preferences. In the homothetic case, exact index numbers are obtained for square root quadratic preferences, quadratic mean of order r preferences, and normalized quadratic preferences. In the nonhomothetic case, exact indexes are obtained for various translog preferences.

Access Restricted. View access options
Article
Publication date: 1 February 2022

Ranran Zhang, Jinjin Liu and Yu Qian

This research aims to examine which cooperative contract (wholesale-price contract or cost-sharing contract) can more effectively upgrade the green degree of product and promote…

417

Abstract

Purpose

This research aims to examine which cooperative contract (wholesale-price contract or cost-sharing contract) can more effectively upgrade the green degree of product and promote demand when considering consumer reference price effect under different power structures.

Design/methodology/approach

This research investigates a dyadic green supply chain composed of one manufacturer and one retailer. Four Stackelberg game models with a cost-sharing contract or a wholesale-price contract are built in retailer-led and manufacturer-led scenarios, respectively. Using backward induction, the optimal green decision under each model is obtained. In addition, the optimal cooperative contract is proposed by comparing these four models.

Findings

It is found that under consumer reference price effect, a cost-sharing contract outperforms a wholesale-price contract in upgrading product greenness and promoting demand. Under any single contract, the retailer-led situation is more conducive to improving product greenness than the manufacturer-led situation. Moreover, consumer reference price effect would reduce the sharing ratio of a cost-sharing contract when the manufacturer dominates, but it could mitigate the problem of double marginalization by reducing wholesale and retail prices under both types of contracts, which would enhance consumer surplus.

Originality/value

It is a new attempt to incorporate consumer reference price effect and power structure into a green supply chain framework and proposes a novel demand function that simultaneously emphasizes consumer reference price effect, consumer environmental awareness and product green attribute. In addition, it provides managerial insights for business managers to choose green cooperative contracts with consumer reference price effect under different power structures.

Details

Kybernetes, vol. 52 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0368-492X

Keywords

Access Restricted. View access options
Article
Publication date: 11 August 2021

Jumpei Hamamura

This study aims to analytically explore the economic role of transfer pricing in a vertically integrated supply chain with a direct channel, specifically when it uses cost-based…

478

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to analytically explore the economic role of transfer pricing in a vertically integrated supply chain with a direct channel, specifically when it uses cost-based transfer prices, as is frequently observed in management practices. We compare two representative transfer pricing methods: full-cost and variable-cost pricing. Although many firms open a direct channel, which affects the optimal decision on transfer prices, prior literature has not considered this case.

Design/methodology/approach

We demonstrate the results using a non-cooperative game theoretical approach.

Findings

The results show that full-cost pricing is more profitable than variable-cost pricing when the fixed cost allocation to the marketing division is low, contrary to the established position in prior studies, from which I select their benchmark case. Moreover, we obtain a counterintuitive result, whereby, the firm-wide profit of a vertically integrated supply chain increases with fixed cost allocation.

Originality/value

This study considers the direct channel and internal transfer pricing in a vertically integrated supply chain, while prior research only considers one or the other. This model suggests an optimal choice of cost-based transfer pricing in managerial decisions. In addition, the authors demonstrate the positive effect of increasing fixed cost allocation, which prior management studies do not show. The findings of this study have implications for managerial practice by providing insights into supply chain design and showing that firms should consider the competition between channels when making decisions about transfer pricing methods.

Details

Journal of Modelling in Management, vol. 17 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1746-5664

Keywords

Access Restricted. View access options
Article
Publication date: 25 October 2024

Kamran Kianfar and Mitra Pashootanizadeh

This study aims to investigate the pricing dynamics within a triple-channel supply chain. The publisher can sell printed books (p-books) through bookstores or online direct sales…

9

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the pricing dynamics within a triple-channel supply chain. The publisher can sell printed books (p-books) through bookstores or online direct sales, and electronic books (e-books) are sold directly through the internet. The primary objectives include determining optimal wholesale and final prices for p-books, assessing the profitability of introducing e-books, comparing profits across channels and supply chain modes and identifying optimal demand volumes.

Design/methodology/approach

The research uses first-order derivatives and the Stackelberg game to analyze the pricing strategies. Two supply chain modes, centralized and decentralized, are considered, and various parameters are examined to understand their impact on prices, demand volumes and final sales profit.

Findings

The results indicate that the e-book is either not published or is introduced simultaneously with the printed version in both modes. In the decentralized mode, the wholesale price of a p-book is equivalent to the final price in the bookstore channel in the centralized mode. One channel among the three selling channels is used to maximize the total profit in the centralized supply chain, whereas all demand should be fulfilled through either online direct sales or e-book channels in the decentralized mode.

Originality/value

This paper introduces a comprehensive triple-channel book supply chain model, considering cross-price sensitivities and lag times for e-books. The study provides insights into the dynamics of the book industry and compares them with existing literature, contributing to a broader understanding of the pricing strategies in a triple-channel context.

Details

Journal of Modelling in Management, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1746-5664

Keywords

Access Restricted. View access options
Book part
Publication date: 25 July 1997

Les Gulko

Abstract

Details

Applying Maximum Entropy to Econometric Problems
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-0-76230-187-4

Access Restricted. View access options
Book part
Publication date: 17 December 2003

Krina Griva and Nikolaos Vettas

We examine a two-period, homogeneous product duopoly model. Consumers choose the supplier that demands the lowest two-part tariff payment. When per unit rates are given, firms’…

Abstract

We examine a two-period, homogeneous product duopoly model. Consumers choose the supplier that demands the lowest two-part tariff payment. When per unit rates are given, firms’ competition in fixed fees leads to an endogenous segmentation of the market, with positive profit for both firms and consumers self-selecting according to their usage levels. Consumers’ usage levels vary between periods but switching suppliers is costly. Examining various possibilities (including price discrimination between old and new customers) reveals that switching affects the two suppliers asymmetrically, as the average usage level of a firm’s clientele changes.

Details

Organizing the New Industrial Economy
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-0-76231-081-4

Access Restricted. View access options
Article
Publication date: 8 February 2021

Saied Farham-Nia and Alireza Ghaffari-Hadigheh

The aim of this paper is to study the optimal pricing decision in a supply chain with a dual distribution channel in a centralized and decentralized decision-making systems and…

576

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to study the optimal pricing decision in a supply chain with a dual distribution channel in a centralized and decentralized decision-making systems and investigate the economic impact of retail services on pricing behaviors with respect to the power structures.

Design/methodology/approach

To reach the equilibrium behavior of decision-makers, two-stage optimization, the Stackelberg game and the Bertrand–Nash game have been used. Also, to explore the effect of environmental uncertainty on the behavior of decision-maker, demand functions are characterized as an uncertain price dependent, service dependent and channel dependent. Decision parameters are based on experts’ belief degree, in the sense of uncertainty theory initiated by Liu (2007).

Findings

Obtained results reveal that the retail services have a strategic role in the centralized supply chain and the decentralized supply chain with dominant manufacturer, while both the supply chain and the consumer suffer from higher environmental indeterminacy.

Research limitations/implications

This study is based on possible scenarios of dual distribution system only. Further research is recommended to investigate the applicability of the authors framework in different distribution systems.

Practical implications

The study findings are believed to be valuable for supply chains and organizations about to make a strategic decision on price of their good/service.

Originality/value

The paper contributes to the scarce literature on Uncertainty Theory initiated by Liu (2007), and combination of it with Game Theory for pricing in distribution system of supply chains. The study also contributes by investigating impact of non-price competitive factor (level of service) on pricing strategy.

Details

Journal of Modelling in Management, vol. 16 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1746-5664

Keywords

Access Restricted. View access options
Article
Publication date: 10 August 2021

Zonghuo Li, Wensheng Yang and Yinyuan Si

This paper investigates a dual-channel supply chain in which a manufacturer offers coupons in the online channel and the retailer in the offline channel. The optimal pricing and…

527

Abstract

Purpose

This paper investigates a dual-channel supply chain in which a manufacturer offers coupons in the online channel and the retailer in the offline channel. The optimal pricing and coupon promotion policies are explored, and the brand image under different promotion scenarios is studied.

Design/methodology/approach

Three differential game models, namely no coupon is offered, coupons offered by the manufacturer and coupons offered by the retailer, are constructed.

Findings

The results show that the manufacturer and retailer intend to conduct coupon promotions under a large coupon redemption rate. Coupon promotion derives a higher price and profit for the issuers, and the manufacturer can free-ride on the retailer's coupon promotion. The retailer's profit in the retailer-promotion scenario may be lower than that in the manufacturer-promotion scenario in some special conditions. Besides, price, coupon face value, brand image and profit increase over time. After multiple cycles game, the operational strategy evolves to an optimal equilibrium status.

Originality/value

This paper provides guidance and advice for dual-channel supply enterprises to implement joint pricing and coupon promotion strategies under multiple sales seasons.

Details

Kybernetes, vol. 51 no. 11
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0368-492X

Keywords

1 – 10 of over 138000
Per page
102050