R. Kužel and J. Broukal
New resistor compositions prepared by using special kinds of glass, CdO, RuO2 and Nb2O5, have been developed. This system is typical in containing only a small amount of RuO2…
Abstract
New resistor compositions prepared by using special kinds of glass, CdO, RuO2 and Nb2O5, have been developed. This system is typical in containing only a small amount of RuO2, ranging from 2 wt% to 8 wt%. The properties of resistors prepared from various compositions were tested in relation to peak firing temperature varying in the range from 720°C up to 800°C. In this way conditions were found for resistor preparation with low TCR and high long‐term stability at 95% relative humidity and at 40°C. By adding very small amounts (0·4–0·9%) of Nb2O5 the TCR was very drastically reduced and could achieve almost zero value. The resistance changes after 4,000 hours ranged from 0·1% to 0·8%. Further new types of dielectric compositions were prepared. The bulk insulation resistance of fired layers reached values in the range of 1012ohms/cm2; the dielectric constant (≈7) and dissipation factor (≈10−3) were also measured. This composition is well suited to applications in both oxidation and inert atmosphere.
R. Kužel, J. Broukal, V. Bouše and Z. Votruba
Copper substrates covered with ceramic insulating coating were tested for their ability to be used in thick film technology. The ceramic coating was prepared by screen printing…
Abstract
Copper substrates covered with ceramic insulating coating were tested for their ability to be used in thick film technology. The ceramic coating was prepared by screen printing from a dielectric composition containing special glass and aluminium oxide and was fired at 820°C–1,000°C. The electrical properties of the coatings studied included voltage breakdown, surface and bulk insulation resistance and dielectric constant. Resistor compositions designed for use on ceramic substrates were screen printed, as on the substrates mentioned, on alumina or ceramic‐coated steel substrates and fired up to the required temperatures (820–875°C). The resistivity and TCR of the prepared resistors were measured in relation to firing temperature. The distribution of lead, bismuth, ruthenium, barium, palladium, silver and copper in the system resistor (or conductor) ceramic coating/copper substrate was investigated. Reference was made to the application of ceramic coatings on copper in other fields, e.g., in heavy‐current electronics.
R. Kužel, J. Schejbal and M. Matějka
Direct copper bonded (DCB) alumina substrates are among sophisticated technical materials suitable for application in electronics, automotive and engineering industries. DCB…
Abstract
Direct copper bonded (DCB) alumina substrates are among sophisticated technical materials suitable for application in electronics, automotive and engineering industries. DCB substrates resist very severe operational conditions and assure high reliability. This technology provides alumina substrates which are very strongly bonded to copper foil, due to the solidified eutectic alloy Cu2O‐Al2O3 or a suitable vitreous solder. Such substrates are ideal for the construction of elements in microelectronics hybrid circuits, power circuits and devices. As the bonding layer of a solidified eutectic or vitreous solder is very thin, the thermal resistivity stays sufficiently low; in addition, the dilatation properties of DCB substrates are close to those of silicon. This enables soldering of large silicon chips without the risk of creating mechanical stress and allows for the production of devices with very high construction effectivity. Examples of such applications are potential‐free modules, bridge circuits, automotive ignition modules and Peltier elements. The vitreous bonding layers are advantageous for certain applications. State‐of‐the‐art DCB bonding technology was developed for DCB aluminium nitride substrates, which have even better thermal qualities.
The continuing trend towards increasingly compact circuitry places rigorous demands on the thermal management of electronic assemblies. The problem is particularly severe in power…
Abstract
The continuing trend towards increasingly compact circuitry places rigorous demands on the thermal management of electronic assemblies. The problem is particularly severe in power circuitry with integrated control. A number of advanced cooling mechanisms and packaging methods are available, but for consumer products the cost of these solutions is prohibitive. Traditionally, thermal management has been achieved by the attachment of large metal heatsinks, but this introduces further manufacturing processes during assembly. It is demonstrated that efficient heatsinking can conveniently be achieved through the substrate, due to both improvements in, and shortening of, the conduction paths. When used as the final level of packaging in a hybrid assembly, coated steel substrates offer an improvement in thermal performance, in comparison with alumina. The optimum thermal performance is, however, provided by polymer coated aluminium substrate materials.
H. Binner, J. Lantairès, B.C. Waterfield, e dr and K.J. Williams
Dates: 29–31 May 1991 Venue: De Doelen Conference Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands The Benelux Chapter of the International Society for Hybrid Microelectronics will be…
Abstract
Dates: 29–31 May 1991 Venue: De Doelen Conference Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands The Benelux Chapter of the International Society for Hybrid Microelectronics will be organising the 8th European Microelectronics Conference. The event will take place at ‘De Doelen’, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, from 29 to 31 May 1991.
R. Kuž, E. Kopřivová and J. Broukal
New resistor compositions prepared by using special kinds of glass, CdO and ruthenium compound have been developed. The properties of resistors prepared from various compositions…
Abstract
New resistor compositions prepared by using special kinds of glass, CdO and ruthenium compound have been developed. The properties of resistors prepared from various compositions were tested in relation to peak firing temperature varying in the range from 760°C up to 850°C. In this way conditions were found for resistor preparation with constant, positive and relatively high TCR (2,500 ppm/°C) and high long‐term stability at 95% relative humidity at 40°C, and with various sheet resistivity (500 ohms/sq.?3,000 ohms/sq.). This system is typical in containing only small amounts of ruthenium compound ranging from 6 wt % to 12 wt %. The resistors can be used for temperature measurement as temperature sensors.
Liz Gill, Lesley White and Ian Douglas Cameron
The purpose of the paper is to identify and describe the themes underlying four concepts: client orientation, client involvement, provider empowerment, and client empowerment…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of the paper is to identify and describe the themes underlying four concepts: client orientation, client involvement, provider empowerment, and client empowerment, which have been reported in the literature as influencing service participant interaction in the formation of a service. The meaning that service participants assign to each of those themes is also to be examined.
Design/methodology/approach
Triadic studies were undertaken in two separate locations with three discrete community‐based service networks, purposively recruited from the same aged healthcare organisation. Using a phenomological approach, 29 individual semi‐structured in‐depth interviews with managers, providers, and clients were conducted. Inductive and deductive analysis was used to identify the emerging themes and their meaning for each participant category.
Findings
Key themes were identified for each concept, but the meaning ascribed to each theme was found to differ between the participant categories. It is suggested that these results reflect participant role differences in the service co‐creation process.
Research limitations/implications
The findings are limited by the small sample and its relative homogeneity.
Practical implications
The findings offer service managers insights into how to engage clients in the service creation process, which in turn will affect the ultimate quality of the service that is created. They also provide information that will assist with service design, staff selection, training, and assessment.
Originality/value
This is the first study that investigates the four concepts, client orientation, client involvement, provider empowerment, and client empowerment, in the context of service co‐creation. It identifies associated abstract themes and the applied meaning differences of the service participants.
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Greta Cummings and Carole A. Estabrooks
The study purpose was to assess the evidence on the effects of hospital restructuring that included layoffs, on nurses who remained employed, using a systematic review of the…
Abstract
The study purpose was to assess the evidence on the effects of hospital restructuring that included layoffs, on nurses who remained employed, using a systematic review of the research literature to contribute to policy formation. Papers addressing research, hospital restructuring resulting in layoffs, effects on nurses, and a stated relationship between the independent and dependent variables were included. Data were extracted and the quality of each study was assessed. The final group of included studies had 22 empirical papers. The main effects were significant decreases in job satisfaction, professional efficacy, ability to provide quality care, physical and emotional health, and increases in turnover, and disruption to healthcare team relationships. Nurses with fewer years of experience or who experienced multiple episodes of restructuring experienced greater effects. Other findings remain inconclusive. Further research is required to determine if these effects are temporal or can be mitigated by individual or organizational strategies.
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This chapter explores the strategic motives behind the decision of hotels to internationalize. It approaches the subject from the perspective of the soft-service sector and aims…
Abstract
This chapter explores the strategic motives behind the decision of hotels to internationalize. It approaches the subject from the perspective of the soft-service sector and aims to develop an understanding of this phenomenon. The literature covers several different factors that stimulate the decision to expand operations abroad. The process requires a trigger that will initiate the process and control the assignment until completion. Eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with international hotel chains to develop an understanding of the process. The findings reveal factors that can be distinguished between proactive and reactive and also be categorized under the four major motives behind internationalization: seeking natural resources, markets, efficiency and strategic assets or capabilities. The international strategy of hotel chains provides a roadmap for expansion and often acts as a trigger. The findings also reveal the significant role of vice presidents (VPs) of international development, development directors, agents and networks in initiating the process of internationalization and stimulating the chains towards specific parts of the world. One of the main differences between manufacturing and soft services is the wide variety of entry modes that are at the disposal of services. The findings are consistent with the literature published and provide an insight into the initial steps towards internationalization by hotel chains, in the post-COVID era.
Research question: What are the strategic motives behind the decision of hotels to internationalize?
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This chapter discusses the evolution of business accelerators in Egypt, as a developing country, and how they may be seen as a totally different means for promoting…
Abstract
This chapter discusses the evolution of business accelerators in Egypt, as a developing country, and how they may be seen as a totally different means for promoting entrepreneurship and not just an extension of the business incubator model. Through exploring the perspectives of six entrepreneurs who were sponsored by the first business accelerator in Egypt and exploring the institutional perspectives of the CEO of the business accelerator and the chairman of a non-governmental organization that supports entrepreneurship, the author will demonstrate the advantages of the business accelerator as an entrepreneurial place. Furthermore, the author will be able to suggest recommendations for policy makers and business accelerators to further develop the model of the business accelerator.