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Using the remarkable olfaction ability, insects can sense trace amounts of host plant volatiles that are notorious for causing severe damage to fruits and vegetables and in consequence the industry. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the interactions between olfactory proteins, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and host plant volatiles through the developed olfactory biosensors. It might be helpful to develop novel pest control strategies.

Using the successfully expressed and purified OBPs of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis, a biosensor was developed by immobilizing the proteins on interdigitated electrodes through nitrocellulose membrane. Based on electrochemical impedance sensing, benzaldehyde emitted by the host plants, such as Beta vulgaris, was detected, which could be used to investigate and analyze the mechanisms of pests’ sense of chemical signals. The relative decreases of charge transfer resistances of the sensor were proportional to the odorant concentrations from 10⁻⁷ M to 10⁻³ M. Meanwhile, the interactions between OBPs and benzaldehyde were studied through the process of molecular docking.

The paper provides a pest OBPs-based biosensor that could sensitively detect the host odorants benzaldehyde. Meanwhile, the most related amino acids of OBPs that bind to host plant volatiles can be distinguished with molecular docking.

An olfactory biosensor was developed to explore interactions and mechanism between the pest OBPs and benzaldehyde, which showed promising potentials for small organic molecule sensing. Simultaneously, it might be helpful for novel pest control strategies.

Since researchers have utilized text signals to develop a mass of within-document visualization analysis tools for reading aid in a long document, there is an increasing need to study the relationship between readers’ behavior of using text signals for navigation and their reading performance in the tools. The purpose of this paper is to combine the text signals using behavior and reading performance in two kinds of analysis tools to verify their relationship and discover whether there is any efficient reading strategy when using text signals to navigate a long document.

The methodology is a case study. The authors reviewed related literature first. After explaining the design ideas, interface and functions of THC-DAT and BOOKMARK, which are two reading tools utilizing two main kinds of text signals, one utilizing topics and the other utilizing headings for reading aid, a case study was presented to collect click data on the text signals of participants and their reading effectiveness (score) and efficiency (time).

The results confirm that the text signals using behavior for navigation has a significant impact on reading efficiency and no impact on reading effectiveness in both BOOKMARK and THC-DAT. The discrete degree of clicks behavior on text signals has an impact on reading efficiency. The using behavior of different types of text signals has different impacts on reading efficiency.

Using text signals for navigation time evenly can help improve reading efficiency. And a basic strategy suggested to readers is focusing on reducing their time to find answers when using text signals for navigation in a long document. As to utilizing the two different kinds of text signals, readers can have different strategies. Accordingly, personalized recommendation based on interval of adjacent clicks will help to improve computer-aided reading tools.

This paper combines the text signals using behavior for navigation and reading performance in two kinds of visual analysis tools, studied the relationship between them and discovers some efficient reading strategies when using text signals for navigation to read a long document.

United Kingdom and China face both similar and dissimilar challenges in managing eldercare. These challenges are centred around demographic change, caregiving roles and care facilities, work–family conflict and work flexibilities, employment rights, culture norms in caring for the elders and the welfare state. This chapter demonstrates the status quo of each of these challenges in managing eldercare, from both the East and West perspectives. Aside from the challenges, opportunities also emerge. More support services are needed for elders with activities of daily living (ADL) or instrumental activities of daily living. Institutional care is in great demand in China, despite the traditional value of caring for elders at home. Caring for elders with cognitive disabilities has also won attention. In the United Kingdom, elder caregiving issues are focused on older workforce, grandparent caregivers and long-term consequences of combining employment and care in the workplace. Compared to Hong Kong and United Kingdom, mainland China has more space to improve on adapting flexible work hours and promoting employment rights of workers. ‘Sandwich’ carers and women caregivers were given special attention in our discussion. At the end of the chapter, results from a survey studying older employees who are also caregivers were also presented.

This paper aims to study the effect of different rare earth oxide on the tribological properties of polyimide (PI) nanocomposites based on the CNT and GO reinforcements.

The PI nanocomposites filled with different rare earth oxide based on the carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide were designed and prepared by hot press sintering. The mechanical and tribological properties of PI nanocomposites were carried out, and their reinforcement mechanisms were discovered.

Rare earth oxide had a weak influence on the impact strength of PI nanocomposites. Filling La₂O₃ can dramatically reduce the friction coefficient and wear rate of PI nanocomposites.

The PI nanocomposites filled with rare earth oxide based on the CNT and GO reinforcements were designed, and their mechanical and tribological properties were studied.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of SiO₂ on the tribological properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites from an atomic level.

Effect of SiO₂ on the tribological properties of PTFE sliding against Cu was studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to explore the inherent mechanisms from an atomic level.

SiO₂ had a higher interaction energy with PTFE than copper, which contributed to an increase of interfacial temperature and velocity with severe adhesive wear on the PTFE molecules.

This study reveals the mechanism of SiO₂ on the friction and wear behavior of PTFE by MD simulation.

The purpose of this paper is to study the mechanism and effect of rare earth oxides on the properties of Cr₂O₃-TiO₂ coating.

Cr₂O₃-TiO₂ coatings with different proportion of CeO₂ were deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying on aluminum alloy 7005. The mechanical, microstructure and tribological properties were studied.

The addition of CeO₂ could improve the micro-hardness; decrease porosity, wear rate and surface roughness of the coating; and increase the bonding strength between the coating and substrate. The wear mechanism is a mixture of abrasive and adhesive wear.

The addition of CeO₂ could refine microstructure, and promote the formation of solid solution structure, and then affect the properties of coatings.

One of the most critical gas turbine engine components, the rotor blade tip and casing, is exposed to high thermal load. It becomes a significant design challenge to protect the turbine materials from this severe situation. The purpose of this paper is to study numerically the effect of turbine inlet temperature on the tip leakage flow structure and heat transfer.

In this paper, the effect of turbine inlet temperature on the tip leakage flow structure and heat transfer has been studied numerically. Uniform low (LTIT: 444 K) and high (HTIT: 800 K) turbine inlet temperature, as well as non‐uniform inlet temperature have been considered.

The results showed the higher turbine inlet temperature yields the higher velocity and temperature variations in the leakage flow aerodynamics and heat transfer. For a given turbine geometry and on‐design operating conditions, the turbine power output can be increased by 1.33 times, when the turbine inlet temperature increases 1.80 times. Whereas the averaged heat fluxes on the casing and the blade tip become 2.71 and 2.82 times larger, respectively. Therefore, about 2.8 times larger cooling capacity is required to keep the same turbine material temperature. Furthermore, the maximum heat flux on the blade tip of high turbine inlet temperature case reaches up to 3.348 times larger than that of LTIT case. The effect of the interaction of stator and rotor on heat transfer features is also explored using unsteady simulations. The non‐uniform turbine inlet temperature enhances the heat flux fluctuation on the blade tip and casing.

The increase of turbine inlet temperature is usually proposed to achieve the higher turbine efficiency and the higher turbine power output. However, it has not been reported how much the heat transfer into the blade tip and casing increases with the increased turbine inlet temperature. This paper investigates the heat transfer distributions on the rotor blade tip and casing, associated with the tip leakage flow under high and low turbine inlet temperatures, as well as non‐uniform temperature distribution.

The purpose of this paper is to propose development of a formation control algorithm by employing a nonlinear observer for compensating the delay in the sensor signal transmission to the controller arising due to packet dropout in acoustic medium.

A robust control law is developed using the sliding mode approach integrated with a communication consensus algorithm for achieving cooperative motion of acoustic underwater vehicles in a group ensuring the transfer of information among the AUVs. In acoustic medium, inter-vehicle communication is challenging for a group of AUVs deployed in formation because underwater channel encounter a number of constraints such as low data rate, packet delays and dropouts.

It is observed that the sliding mode control-unscented Kalman filter formation control exhibits superior control performance such as mitigating larger initial error of estimation and removing the use of the Jacobian matrices among the three controllers developed. The proposed nonlinear observer estimates the un-measureable states such as position in x, y and z-axes, heading, rudder and sturn angle, needed for generating the formation control. A simulation setup is realized to demonstrate the performance of the proposed observer-based formation controller. Simulations were performed in MATLAB and the obtained results are analysed and compared which envisage that the proposed control algorithm provides efficient formation control under the acoustic communication constraints.

Development of observer for achieving formation control of AUVs in underwater area – common reference velocity and error signals being available to all cooperating AUVs – UKO performs better based on initial error estimation and tracking the same path in shallow water area.

This paper aims to present an example of the measurement of airport efficiency, a topic of great interest in civil aviation today. The methodology used is data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the Malmquist Index. The calculation of airport efficiency with up-to-date data for each period is of great importance in the context of sustainability. The study selected ten airports with high air traffic in Turkey as the sample set. The objective of this study is to evaluate the current state of airport efficiency, identify the sources of inefficiency and make appropriate policy recommendations based on the findings obtained.

The study is based on DEA and Malmquist Index Analysis. The number of personnel and terminal size data of ten selected decision-making units (DMU) are used as inputs, while passenger, cargo and aircraft traffic data are used as outputs. A five-year period, spanning from 2018 to 2022, is considered as the data set in the study.

Upon analysis of the data from the ten airports included in the study, it was found that the current input-output combination yielded efficient results, with the exception of certain characteristics, such as the impact of seasonal conditions or tourism. Concurrent with the growth in aircraft, passenger and freight traffic, the number of personnel employed at these airports has also increased. It was concluded that technological efficiency is of paramount importance for each airport, and that investments in technology should be increased.

A separate assessment was conducted for each of the ten airports included in the study sample. Each airport was evaluated in terms of its strengths and weaknesses, and areas of low efficiency were identified. Consequently, more general conclusions were reached than airport-specific evaluations.

In order to ensure the long-term sustainability of the sector, it is essential that the efficiency measurements of airports are calculated using up-to-date data on a regular basis. The results obtained from these calculations provide guidance for the strategic plans to be implemented in the long term, as well as for the solution proposals for operational problems. In this context, this study not only provides information to policymakers and airport managers about the current situation, as it includes recent data, but also contributes to the literature in this sense, as it includes policy recommendations.