This article has been withdrawn as it was published elsewhere and accidentally duplicated. The original article can be seen here: 10.1108/01443330010789287. When citing the…
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn as it was published elsewhere and accidentally duplicated. The original article can be seen here: 10.1108/01443330010789287. When citing the article, please cite: Pundarik Mukhopadhaya, (2000), “Education policies as means to tackle income disparity: the Singapore case”, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol. 20 Iss: 11/12, pp. 59 - 73.
Outlines the education system in Singapore, discusses various education policies taken by the government of Singapore and examines their equality‐enhancing effects. Explores how…
Abstract
Outlines the education system in Singapore, discusses various education policies taken by the government of Singapore and examines their equality‐enhancing effects. Explores how parents’ educational background affects the educational attainment of students and thus gives them a better opportunity to avail themselves of the fruits of education policies. Suggests some futhre strategies.
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Srikanta Chatterjee, Nripesh Podder and Pundarik Mukhopadhaya
This paper examines the changes in the level of social welfare in New Zealand over the period 1984 to 1998 in the context of the country's economic reform process since the early…
Abstract
This paper examines the changes in the level of social welfare in New Zealand over the period 1984 to 1998 in the context of the country's economic reform process since the early 1980s. The earlier part of this period was also characterized by a largely policy-induced economic recession in New Zealand. In this paper, we make an attempt to identify the sections of the population that became better off in terms of real income, and those that became worse off during the period chosen. In addition, we examine the changes to the overall level of social welfare. The methods used are both ordinal and cardinal. The ordinal method is based on the criterion of generalized Lorenz dominance, and the cardinal method is based on a social evaluation function that provides complete ordering of all possible social states. The social welfare changes, derived with the help of the cardinal method, and measured in terms of real income, are then attributed to the twin influences of mean income changes and changes in measured inequality. In addition to showing up the dramatic increase in the Gini coefficient of income inequality overall, the results also track the changes in real income of the different income groups over time, and quantify how these changes, coupled with the increased inequality, affected the well-being of New Zealanders over a period of extensive economic reform. The study is based on unit record data from four Household Surveys conducted by Statistics New Zealand in the years 1983/84, 1991/1992, 1995/1996 and 1997/1998.
The Social Welfare Function (SWF) is a decision rule to rank alternative social states in a complete fashion in terms of social welfare. This paper questions the philosophy of…
Abstract
The Social Welfare Function (SWF) is a decision rule to rank alternative social states in a complete fashion in terms of social welfare. This paper questions the philosophy of Paretian Principle as a desirable property of the SWF. It shows that it is possible to generalize the widely used Sen SWF, which can be non-Paretian under special circumstances. Also, it demonstrates the disaggregation method of this SWF by components of income using the Gini decomposition process. The method is applied to Australian Household Expenditure Survey data to estimate the trend of welfare of total income and its components in Australia from 1984 to 1993–1994.
Joseph Deutsch, Pundarik Mukhopadhaya, Jacques Silber and Jing Yang
To explore income inequality in urban China, this paper investigates disparities between- and within-urban locals and rural migrants from 2002 to 2013, using three waves of the…
Abstract
To explore income inequality in urban China, this paper investigates disparities between- and within-urban locals and rural migrants from 2002 to 2013, using three waves of the China Household Income Project (CHIP) data. While the existing literature concentrates on the wage disparity between these two groups, our results show that the Gini among the migrants increased by 17.86% between 2007 and 2013 and that among the locals increased by 15.54% from 2002 to 2007. The urban–migrant average income gap decreased during the whole period mainly due to higher growth in migrants’ average income. Estimates based on Mincerian earnings functions for both groups reveal the significant role of the education, occupation and type of contract in determining the within-group inequality. In addition, using a recentred influence function (RIF), we observe that short-term and other types of contracts, duration of the job, in-system ownership, marriage and skill have inequality-enhancing effects for migrants. The variation of skills has a larger impact on the income disparity among migrants than on that among urban locals. The RIF-based Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition of the mean difference of incomes shows that labour market discrimination between the two groups is not significant; however, both pure explained and unexplained differences are significant when applying the RIF decomposition to the variance of the logarithms of incomes. While the type of contract significantly reduces the pure explained difference between migrants and urban locals, occupation has a positive impact on this difference between these two groups. The heterogenity analysis shows that the factors influencing incomes in these two groups are different. We recommend labour market intervention to reduce unreasonable occupational and sectoral disparities, especially in the net inflow provinces, to mitigate urban inequality in China effectively.
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Pundarik Mukhopadhaya and Jacques Silber
This chapter examines self-assessed health (SAH) data of 29 European countries using Eurostat data for the years 2009 and 2018. It first computes the indices recently introduced…
Abstract
This chapter examines self-assessed health (SAH) data of 29 European countries using Eurostat data for the years 2009 and 2018. It first computes the indices recently introduced by Seth and Yalonetzky (2020) and provides confidence intervals for these indices. The ranking of these countries for the year 2018 is then summarized by Hasse diagrams. The chapter then examines first- and second-order stochastic dominance, based again on the recent work of Seth and Yalonetzky. Here also bootstrap confidence intervals were computed. The ranking of the countries in 2018 is then translated again into Hasse diagrams. It appears that Hungary and Latvia are respectively the poorest and least poor countries, both in 2009 and 2018, in terms of their SAH condition. While countries like Ireland, Luxembourg, Romania and Portugal are in the poorer segment of the distribution of countries, Norway, the United Kingdom, Denmark, the Netherlands and Austria are located on the less poor portion. As expected, the Hasse diagrams show also that there are quite a few instances where some countries cannot be ranked.
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M. Rafiqul Islam, Shawkat Alam and Pundarik Mukhopadhaya
The multilateral liberalisation of trade in education under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) has achieved little progress. In a bid to overcome this lacklustre…
Abstract
Purpose
The multilateral liberalisation of trade in education under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) has achieved little progress. In a bid to overcome this lacklustre education trade liberalisation under the World Trade Organization (WTO), the purpose of this paper is to examine education trade bilateralism between Australia and India as an alternative to multilateralism. The end is to maximise bilateral trade liberalisation in education as a means to facilitate dynamic productivity gains, export opportunities, market competition, and FDI in the sector. The combined effect of this bilateralism would help accelerate economic growth in both countries, which is likely to generate domino effects on other WTO members, thereby contributing to the multilateral liberalisation of trade in services under the WTO.
Design/methodology/approach
The research methodology is analytical, based on pertinent empirical and secondary information.
Findings
Strong complementarities and synergies are found for the integration of trade in education services between Australia and India. Of the major exporters of education services, Australia enjoys the most competitive edge and comparative advantage in the Asia‐Pacific. India faces strong demands for quality education services due to its economic reforms and expansion requiring knowledge‐based workforce for high efficiency and productivity and has become a major importer of education services in the region.
Originality/value
The paper identifies new means of consolidating Australia and India's existing trade, niche areas of further opportunities, and potential challenges to be confronted for greater economic integration through trade in education. The originality of the paper lies in its core message that education trade bilateralism can be a valuable stepping stone, in many instances, to multilateral trade in education.