Christi L. Gullion and William R. King
The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive literature review of prior empirical studies that have examined early intervention (EI) systems or programs in policing.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive literature review of prior empirical studies that have examined early intervention (EI) systems or programs in policing.
Design/methodology/approach
A systematic literature search of various government and academic databases (e.g. Emerald, Google Scholar, National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS), Sage, Taylor & Francis and Wiley) was conducted.
Findings
This systematic review identified eight EI studies that matched the selection criteria. Of these, two are multiagency studies and six are individual agency studies. Findings across studies are generally positive but overall relatively inconsistent with regard to EI systems' effectiveness.
Practical implications
Police agencies benefit in identifying and addressing at-risk officers to ensure police accountability and officer safety, health and wellness. This research is invaluable for optimizing how EI systems can use agency data for such predictions.
Originality/value
This state-of-the-art review on EI systems in policing is the first of its kind. EI systems have been implemented by many police agencies, yet a limited number of empirical studies have been conducted. This systematic review will be useful for researchers who wish to further explore how EI systems are utilized and whether EI systems are successful/effective.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze short- and long-run market-sensitive drivers of housing affordability. The study highlights an ongoing housing affordability crisis in an…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to analyze short- and long-run market-sensitive drivers of housing affordability. The study highlights an ongoing housing affordability crisis in an emerging market context by also providing an empirical tool to combat the crisis.
Design/methodology/approach
To investigate determinants of uniquely constructed effective housing affordability index and house price to income ratio index, the author uses a bound testing approach to cointegration and error correction models, besides causality tests, variance decompositions and impulse response functions. This study uses Turkish data for the period of 2007 M06 and 2017 M12.
Findings
The evidence suggests that the housing affordability crisis is mainly driven by credit expansion, rent and construction costs. A sensible housing policy response would target these variables. This evidence suggests that housing affordability mostly depends on housing market dynamics rather than policies because of the exogeneous/cyclical natures of the drivers.
Research limitations/implications
Data constraints shape the study. A regional or an aggregate-level panel study cannot be developed because of a lack of data. This limitation inevitably results in the exclusion of relevant socio-economic/political factors and is also the main reason for the lack of comparative analysis in a cross-country setting.
Practical implications
This study argues that dependency on neoliberal housing market practices seems the underlying reason for the lack of efficient policy answers and the ongoing affordability crisis. From a policymaking perspective, the study suggests that necessary policy measures to resolve the housing affordability crisis may give a specific emphasis on housing rent, housing credit volume and construction costs as the major components of the crisis.
Originality/value
This study develops a novel measure and presents a new conceptual framework by combining quantitative research methods and policymaking in housing affordability. In this respect, to the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first work to comparatively investigate the determinants of uniquely developed monthly housing affordability measurements.
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Robert E. Worden, Christopher Harris and Sarah J. McLean
– The purpose of this paper is to critique contemporary tools for assessing and managing the risk of police misconduct and suggest directions for their improvement.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to critique contemporary tools for assessing and managing the risk of police misconduct and suggest directions for their improvement.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper draws on extant literature, synthesizing several lines of inquiry to summarize what the authors know about patterns of police misconduct, and what the authors know about assessing and managing police misconduct. Then the paper draws from the literature on offender risk assessment in criminal justice to draw lessons for assessing and managing the risk of police misconduct.
Findings
The authors found that there is good reason to believe that the tools used to assess the risk of misconduct make suboptimal predictions about officer performance because they rely on limited information of dubious value, but also that the predictive models on which the tools are based could be improved by better emulating procedures for assessing offenders’ risk of recidivism.
Research limitations/implications
Future research should examine cross-sectional and longitudinal patterns of misconduct and associations between risk-related outputs and enforcement activity, develop better measures of criterion variables, and evaluate the predictive accuracy of risk assessment tools.
Practical implications
Police managers should make better use of the information available to them, improve the quantity and quality of information if feasible, and cooperate in the necessary research.
Originality/value
This paper offers a new synthesis of extant research to demonstrate the limitations of contemporary provisions for assessing the risk of police misconduct, and potential avenues for useful research and improved practice.
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Much empirical work has examined body-worn cameras (BWCs), and there is a growing interest in early intervention systems (EISs) in policing. Whether the effects of these…
Abstract
Purpose
Much empirical work has examined body-worn cameras (BWCs), and there is a growing interest in early intervention systems (EISs) in policing. Whether the effects of these accountability mechanisms are stable by officer gender and race remains unknown – important assumptions of each program despite differences in misconduct levels and policing practices by subgroups of officers (i.e. male vs female officers, White vs Black and Hispanic officers).
Design/methodology/approach
The current study uses data from a large Southwestern police department to examine the influence of BWCs and an EIS on alleged and sustained patrol officer misconduct between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2020.
Findings
In line with expectations and the intended goal of these programs, the effects of BWCs and the EIS on officer misconduct were stable by officer gender and race.
Originality/value
Given the importance of addressing officer misconduct to build and maintain community trust and the rapid expansion of BWCs and EISs across the United States, it is vital that police departments consider the accountability programs they implement and the equity of these programs. The current study provides insight into this process in one agency and offers policy implications and directions for future research.
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This study aims to investigate the association between various demographic factors and housing affordability in Saudi Arabia.
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to investigate the association between various demographic factors and housing affordability in Saudi Arabia.
Design/methodology/approach
A questionnaire survey of households was undertaken, and responses were analysed using chi-square analysis and logistic regression.
Findings
The study found that gender and job rank were only significantly related to housing value, but not to housing type, type of tenancy or number of bedrooms. Age, level of income, nationality, household size and job sector had significant associations with housing type, type of tenancy, number of bedrooms and housing value. However, the study did not find a significant relationship between the education level of the head of the household and any housing characteristics. The findings from the logistic regressions indicated that the level of income odds ratio (OR = 25.634), and the value of housing (OR = 0.037) were the two most significant predictors of access to affordable housing, both with levels of significance of p < 0.001.
Research limitations/implications
Even though this study has provided valuable findings and contributions to the literature and policymakers, certain limitations must also be highlighted. First, the study focused only on four housing characteristics: housing type, housing tenancy, number of bedrooms and housing value. It did not consider other housing characteristics, such as housing age and housing conditions, which also affect the affordability of housing. Second, the method adopted for this study has a limitation in terms of its sampling technique, namely, snowball sampling, which relies on each participant to recommend others based on their judgement and recommendation. Third, the sample size for this study was small. As a result, the generalization of these findings to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) will be limited.
Practical implications
The current study’s findings will help decision makers in the housing sector to implement a housing delivery strategy that responds to escalating demand. It also contributes to the emerging body of literature by clarifying the relationships and influence between demographic factors and accessibility to affordable housing. In addition, the findings of this study support KSA’s ambitious Vision 2030, through which the government seeks to increase the rate of homeownership. The implications of the findings of this study also extend to help housing policymakers in similar developing countries where the delivery of affordable housing is a challenge.
Originality/value
The study is relevant because it investigates the relationships of demographic factors and housing affordability in one of the three agglomerations in the country. It can thus provide insight into the increasing demand for housing, which can help the Saudi Government to design and implement a housing delivery strategy and can support KSA’s ambitious Vision 2030, which targets increased homeownership. It can also improve our knowledge on the emergent body of literature on the effect of demographic characteristics on the affordability of housing in the country, and in similar developing countries where the delivery of affordable housing is a challenge.