Prosper F. Bangwayo-Skeete, Afaf H. Rahim and Precious Zikhali
– The paper aims to examine factors that influence individuals' preferences between wages indexed on job performance or efficiency over equity-based wages.
Abstract
Purpose
The paper aims to examine factors that influence individuals' preferences between wages indexed on job performance or efficiency over equity-based wages.
Design/methodology/approach
Generalized linear latent and mixed models (GLLAMM) are estimated on the 2005 wave of the World Values Survey on employed individuals from 43 countries.
Findings
Results suggest that employees' preference for efficiency-based wages increases with education and globalization, while it decreases with unemployment rates.
Research limitations/implications
Institutions and specifically public policies that promote education, and globalization, along with policies that reduce unemployment rates could be used to promote wage setting policies that reward performance or efficiency.
Originality/value
The originality of the study lies in its use of both individual- and country-level data to estimate GLLAMM that take into account the multi-level nature of the dataset. This study can inform firms and policymakers on what measures to adopt to promote preferences for efficiency-based wages among individuals.
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Prosper F. Bangwayo‐Skeete and Precious Zikhali
This paper seeks to investigate the individual‐level determinants of self‐declared social tolerance towards six groups/practices in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA): tolerance to…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper seeks to investigate the individual‐level determinants of self‐declared social tolerance towards six groups/practices in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA): tolerance to linguistic differences, racial distinction, religious dissimilarity, homosexuality, acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS) victims and immigrants.
Design/methodology/approach
Using individual‐level data from the 2005 World Values Survey, the paper simultaneously estimates multivariate probit models for all six dimensions of social tolerance.
Findings
Apart from the strong interdependency among all social tolerance indicators, the analysis reveals that individual attributes affect tolerance towards the six groups differently. For instance, education enhances social tolerance for all groups except homosexuals while access to media increase tolerance for people living with AIDS.
Research/limitations/implications
Effective social tolerance policies can be enhanced through joint targeting of the indicators considered. Moreover, tolerance‐enhancing policies generally benefit from improved access to education while improved access to media could increase tolerance for AIDS victims.
Originality/value
The originality of the analysis lies in the joint analysis or determination of a wider spectrum of social tolerance indicators. This paper can help to inform policies that are aimed at reducing SSA's recurrent inter‐ and intra‐group conflicts attributed primarily to the region's high levels of ethnic and cultural fragmentation.
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Prosper F. Bangwayo‐Skeete and Precious Zikhali
The paper seeks to examine the impact of social exclusion on individuals' propensity to be employed and how, if employed, social exclusion affects individuals' perceived job…
Abstract
Purpose
The paper seeks to examine the impact of social exclusion on individuals' propensity to be employed and how, if employed, social exclusion affects individuals' perceived job insecurity and the likelihood of being covered by social insurance in their jobs.
Design/methodology/approach
Using the United Nations Development Program/United Nations Children Fund 2009 survey data from Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the paper employs comprehensive econometric methods that overcome challenges posed by endogeneity of social exclusion in labour market outcomes, self‐selection into employment, and the interdependency between perceptions of job security and social insurance coverage.
Findings
Results suggest that socially excluded individuals face hurdles in securing jobs and exhibit higher risk of job loss. Further, results suggest that a holistic educational policy could help promote social inclusion.
Practical implications
Formulation of policies aimed at promoting social inclusion and improved labour market outcomes should not be done in isolation; rather they should be based on a holistic understanding of the multi‐faceted nature of social exclusion.
Originality/value
The originality of the analysis is that it takes into account the multi‐dimensional nature of social exclusion by treating social exclusion as an outcome of a diverse set of an individual's socio‐economic characteristics that ultimately shape the way they feel about their exclusion or inclusion in their societies. This gives an indication of the types of people that are socially excluded and form the group for which a further investigation of labour market outcomes is conducted.
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Precious Dapaah Opoku, Richard Kwasi Bannor and Helena Oppong-Kyeremeh
The purpose of this paper was to analyse the demographic, crop choice, institutional and environmental factors that will influence the vegetable growers in Bono and Ahafo regions…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper was to analyse the demographic, crop choice, institutional and environmental factors that will influence the vegetable growers in Bono and Ahafo regions of Ghana to produce organic vegetables. The study also assessed the knowledge level of vegetable growers on organic certification processes.
Design/methodology/approach
Primary data were collected with the help of a structured questionnaire from 120 vegetable growers via a multistage sampling technique. The Heckman selection model was used to analyse the factors that influence farmers' willingness to adopt organic production as well as the intensity of adoption.
Findings
In this study, pepper (Capsicum spp) production, residential status, knowledge of organic certification processes, perceived negative environmental effect of conventional farming on the soil, and climate change positively influenced willingness to produce organic vegetables. Likewise, pepper production perceived negative environmental effect of conventional farming on the soil positively influenced the intensity of adoption. Household headship status, garden egg (Solanum integrifolium) production, perceived knowledge on grading and standards of vegetables, as well as the perception that only pesticides can be used to control vegetable pests negatively influenced the willingness to produce organic vegetables however perceived expertise of the farmer on grades and standards influenced intensity of adoption negatively.
Originality/value
In Ghana, even though most vegetable farmers do not have the requisite knowledge in the safe handling of pesticides, usage is widespread. Subsequent to this, is a health risk to farmers, consumers and the environment. As a result, there is a growing awareness that organic agriculture has a role to play in addressing problems associated with agrochemical use and over usage. However, most studies are consumer oriented with limited empirical research on the willingness to produce organics by farmers.
Peer review
The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-12-2019-0723