Search results

Since several food crises have strongly affected the production of animal food products, food safety has become one of the most important aspects of quality products for both consumers and retailers. The aim of this article is to analyse how the health crises have contributed to increasing the segmentation of the supply of fresh and little‐processed food products under the impetus of a reinforcement of regulations (affecting the supply chain as a whole) and of strategies adopted by the stakeholders.

The authors carry out an empirical and comparative analysis of the reactions of two neighbouring countries (Spain and France) faced with major health crises caused by similar events: the emergence of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) cases. A special focus is made on the initiatives taken privately by two French retail groups (Carrefour and Auchan) operating in both countries.

The analysis shows that retailers have developed systems of quality insurance developed in order to reduce uncertainty and to restore consumers' confidence in the quality of the products they buy. These programmes of actions pave the way for policies of product differentiation. In a relatively different context from that of France, the two big French retail groups Carrefour and Auchan operating in Spain have developed similar approaches, which had not been the case in France. In a context of sharp competition between quality designation on the one hand, and the relative dissatisfaction of the retailer with respect to “minimum quality” standards on the other, the two groups have adopted marketing communication strategies adapted to the Spanish situation, and have used “supply chain brands” as tools of differentiation to ensure consumers' loyalty.

Provides an analysis of the effects of health crises on the segmentation of the supply of fresh food products.

This paper aims to make an empirical contribution by investigating the enforcement mechanisms and governance structures required to protect and govern a regional food product when public certification fails. As one of the recent additions to South Africa’s repertoire of products with a designated origin, Karoo Lamb made for an interesting case study.

A conjoint analysis was conducted to elicit the farmers’ preferred enforcement mechanisms to protect the authenticity of the Karoo Lamb product. The investigation, furthermore, draws on survey data collected among 73 farmers, five abattoirs, two processors/packers and five retail outlets to evaluate the governance structures of the Karoo Lamb supply chain.

The results indicate that due to failed public certification that is governed by market-like structures, Karoo Lamb is better off being governed by hierarchical structures. These structures are expected to allow for a stronger focus on stricter enforcement mechanisms.

At the farm level, the Karoo Lamb supply chain requires better enforcement mechanisms to protect the unique attributes of origin and taste to ensure the authenticity of Karoo Lamb. This change towards stricter enforcement requires more hierarchical structures to allow for private or mutual enforcement mechanisms.

This paper contributes empirically to the governance structure knowledge base by analysing the enforcement mechanisms and governance structures needed to enforce and protect, the quality and origin standards of a region of origin product, Karoo Lamb, in South Africa.

International tourism is steadily growing. Some people welcome this growth which supports economic and social development. Others are suspicious and afraid of the threat which tourism could create for the tourist destinations, the loss of cultural identity and of social alienation to its society. Reality is more complex than these two contrary positions suggest. After analyzing the existent attempts to explain the social effects of tourism, this paper intends to illustrate the variability of these effects. In this regard, the globalisation of human activities and its consequences on cultural identity are taken into account.

Ci‐après, nous publions — le programme du 21e Congrès de l'AIEST — Association internationale d'experts scientifiques du tourisme,

A collection of essays by a social economist seeking to balance economics as a science of means with the values deemed necessary to man′s finding the good life and society enduring as a civilized instrumentality. Looks for authority to great men of the past and to today′s moral philosopher: man is an ethical animal. The 13 essays are: 1. Evolutionary Economics: The End of It All? which challenges the view that Darwinism destroyed belief in a universe of purpose and design; 2. Schmoller′s Political Economy: Its Psychic, Moral and Legal Foundations, which centres on the belief that time‐honoured ethical values prevail in an economy formed by ties of common sentiment, ideas, customs and laws; 3. Adam Smith by Gustav von Schmoller – Schmoller rejects Smith′s natural law and sees him as simply spreading the message of Calvinism; 4. Pierre‐Joseph Proudhon, Socialist – Karl Marx, Communist: A Comparison; 5. Marxism and the Instauration of Man, which raises the question for Marx: is the flowering of the new man in Communist society the ultimate end to the dialectical movement of history?; 6. Ethical Progress and Economic Growth in Western Civilization; 7. Ethical Principles in American Society: An Appraisal; 8. The Ugent Need for a Consensus on Moral Values, which focuses on the real dangers inherent in there being no consensus on moral values; 9. Human Resources and the Good Society – man is not to be treated as an economic resource; man′s moral and material wellbeing is the goal; 10. The Social Economist on the Modern Dilemma: Ethical Dwarfs and Nuclear Giants, which argues that it is imperative to distinguish good from evil and to act accordingly: existentialism, situation ethics and evolutionary ethics savour of nihilism; 11. Ethical Principles: The Economist′s Quandary, which is the difficulty of balancing the claims of disinterested science and of the urge to better the human condition; 12. The Role of Government in the Advancement of Cultural Values, which discusses censorship and the funding of art against the background of the US Helms Amendment; 13. Man at the Crossroads draws earlier themes together; the author makes the case for rejecting determinism and the “operant conditioning” of the Skinner school in favour of the moral progress of autonomous man through adherence to traditional ethical values.

Lors d'un colloque, tenu au Collège d'Europe, du 24 au 27 mars 1959, consacré à «l'aménagement du territoire et l'Europe», nous avons eu l'occasion de souligner les avantages considérables que présente la méthode cartographique pour les «aménageurs» et «planologues». Or, le Congrès de l'AIEST s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'aménagement du territoire, vu sous l'angle de l'expansion régionale, à laquelle le tourisme contribue ou peut contribuer d'une façon très active. La planification touristique est même une des pierre angulaires de cette expansion dans certaines régions et il convient donc d'examiner si et de quelle façon la méthode cartographique pourrait s'appliquer à cet aménagement particulier.

Les découvertes importantes faites par des équipes de préhistoriciens et d'anthropologues entre les an‐nées 1950 – 1970 dans la région du Nil moyen (KENYA,TANZANIE, ETHIOPIE), mettant à jour des milliers de fossiles concernant les premiers éges de la vie de l'homme il y a 1 500 000 ans (sites d'Oldu‐vai et d'Omo), nous permettent aujourd'hui de repenser le comportement erratique de nos lointains anctres sur la planète Terre dans une vision beaucoup plus large.

Conduire logiquement sa pensée, à partir des premières observations jusqu'aux conclusions qui sous‐tendront directement une action sur le terrain suppose pour l'expert‐géographe de Tourisme l'habitude d'un processus spécial, que nous allons essayer de décrire.

Le Maroc, français surtout, est entré définitivement depuis la fin de la guerre dans l'espace touristique contemporain. Le pays était encore inconnu des Européens, en 1907, lorsque les troupes françaises débarquèrent à Casablanca. Le 16 mars 1934, les dernières tribus dissidentes faisaient leurs soumissions à Bou Izakaren, aux confins de l'Anti‐Atlas et du Sahara. A partir de cette date et jusqu'au second conflit mondial, les premiers touristes arrivent au Maroc et «rôdent» un tour classique des capitales impériales: Marrakech, Fez, Meknès par la corniche du Moyen Atlas. L'insécurité interdit encore les hauts cols de l'Atlas (Tizi N'Test: 2100 m.; Tizi N'Tichka: 2270 m.; Zad: 2178 m.) à des groupes réguliers et les autori‐sations de voyage doivent être demandées aux bureaux des Affaires indigènes (A.I.).