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Unmodified linen fabric is cationized through the reaction of two different commercial cationizing agents, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CHTAC) and polyaminochlorohydrin quaternary ammonium salt with epoxide functionality (PAQAC). Uncationized and cationized linen fabrics are dyed with four different types of fiber reactive dyes by using the cold pad batch dyeing method. The fastness properties of the dyed cationized linen fabrics have been evaluated.

Cellulose crosslinking is a very important textile chemical process, and is the basis for a vast array of durable press and crease-resistant finished textile products. Formaldehydecontaining N-methylol crosslinkers give fabrics desirable properties of mechanical stability (e.g., crease resistance, anti-curl, shrinkage resistance, durable-press), but also impart a loss of strength and the potential to release formaldehyde, a known human carcinogen. Other systems, such as polycarboxylic acids, have been tested with varying degrees of success. We have developed methods of forming ionic crosslinks that provide outstanding performance in crease angle recovery while completely retaining the strength of treated goods, without the potential to release any reactive materials of low molecular weight, such as formaldehyde.

Our work is based on the reactions of cellulose with materials that impart an ionic character to the cellulose; e.g., chloroacetic acid for negative charges or 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride for positive charges. These reactions produce ionic celluloses that can then absorb a polyionic material of opposite charge to form crosslinks.

Cellulose treated with cationized chitosan after carboxymethylation showed significant increases in crease recovery angles without a loss of strength.

Today's business and organisational community is well‐versed in the conventions of marketing orientation and the new product development process. Each is an integral component of both specialist texts on new product development (Crawford, 1997; Urban and Hauser, 1993; Hisrich and Peters, 1991; Kuczmarski, 1992) and generalist texts (Kotler, 1996; Stanton et al, 1994; McColl‐Kennedy et al, 1994; Kotler et al, 1994; McCarthy and Perrault, 1990). In the specialist texts, the new product development process can vary. For example, Crawford and Kuczmarski emphasise the contextualisation of the new product development process within a broader and preceding strategic or marketing planning emphasis than does Urban and Hauser. At the same time, some generalist work such as Kotler, McColl‐Kennedy et al, and Zikmund and d'Amico (1993) place decidely more emphasis on establishing a difference between the idea screening and product development stages. Nevertheless, the specialist texts concur on the general procedure being a linear one that involves eleven key stages. This is discussed in more detail in section 3.6.

In this paper, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of customer feedback literature, highlighting the burgeoning role of artificial intelligence (AI). Customer feedback has long been a valuable source of customer insights for businesses and market researchers. While previously survey focused, customer feedback in the digital age has evolved to be rich, interactive, multimodal, and virtually real time. Such explosion in feedback content has also been accompanied by a rapid development of AI and machine learning technologies that enable firms to understand and take advantage of these high-velocity data sources. Yet, some of the challenges with traditional surveys remain, such as self-selection concerns of who chooses to participate and what attributes they give feedback on. In addition, these new feedback channels face other unique challenges like review manipulation and herding effects due to their public and democratic nature. Thus, while the AI toolkit has revolutionized the area of customer feedback, extracting meaningful insights requires complementing it with the appropriate social science toolkit. We begin by touching upon conventional customer feedback research and chart its evolution through the years as the nature of available data and analysis tools develop. We conclude by providing recommendations for future questions that remain to be explored in this field.

Many firms are once again enjoying favourable business conditions after a number of very difficult years. The economies of the world have begun to grow, interest rates and inflation are down, and even though unemployment levels are still high, consumer spending patterns display a measure of optimism about the future. However, complacency is not advised; having made it through a deep recession, numerous companies now have to face a series of fresh challenges.

Governance is becoming an increasingly important concept in European theoretical debates and in political practice as a new way to manage public policies, since the public sector reforms in the 1980s. However, the debate in Latin America has different characteristics than in Europe, so it is necessary to provide a critical review of the proposed agenda for the transformation of the state in the region, and of the transfer of the concept of governance by multilateral agencies. To understand these changes, this chapter examines three key areas of reforms in Latin America and the privatization of public services, new social policy proposals, and the decentralization process. This will help us understand the tension between normative models and specific patterns of governance that prevail in Latin America.