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In previous experiments where negotiators' fairness judgments have been found to be egocentrically biased, it is possible that the observed bias was caused largely by selective encoding of the background information given to negotiators. The extent to which egocentric fairness judgments were caused by selective encoding, however, cannot be determined from those experiments. In the present study, we tested for the effects of selective encoding by varying the point in time that negotiators learned their role in a simulated wage dispute. Results indicated that, while judgments of a fair settlement point were the most egocentric under conditions that allowed for selective encoding, these conditions were not necessary for the bias to occur; there was a significant degree of egocentric bias even when there was no possibility of selective encoding. Implications of these results for both research and practice are discussed.

Considers how non‐Thais can negotiate successfully withe business and government executives in Thailand. Gives an overview of Thailand’s geography, climate, population, religion and business practice. Discusses important aspects of the social‐cultural environment that have a significant effect on the way Thai’s negotiate. Includes further tips regarding body language, entertainment protocol, how to dress, and favourite negotiating tactics by buyers and sellers. Provides conclusions and directions for further research.

It is beneficial to use strategic management to gain profound, long-term comprehension and learning in challenging topics such as change evaluation. Since the impact of COVID-19, norms changed, complexities developed and situational elements were identified that could be used to improve and manage operations. This change did not spare the tourism and hospitality industry; as a result, this industry is facing a crisis to recover from pandemics. Keeping this in mind, researchers struggle to investigate the phenomenon; quested advantages may be derived for rehabilitation. Strategic leadership perspective is one of them that can be used for more significant tourism industry benefits. Leaders are required to prepare strategies for developing technical abilities to increase the efficiency of their organisations. It must become necessary to have a strategic aim to change existing social and cultural values, religious standards and psychological attitudes under their vision. This chapter aims to apply the theory of change to manage the tourism and hospitality industry's recovery, focusing on strategic leadership's theoretical framework and strategic intent. The chapter includes a study of the literature to determine the effectiveness of strategic intent in the leadership of the tourism industry. In addition, this work debates about building a better and more comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence, contribute to and relate to strategic intention. This chapter draws several beneficial propositions for readers, academicians and practitioners.

Meine ersten Worte seien ein Gruss und ein Dank. Ich heisse Sie meinerseits von Herzen willkommen. Vor allem aber spreche ich namens der Internationalen Vereinigung wissenschaftlicher Fremdenverkehrsexperten jenen, die uns hierher eingeladen und die zur Verwirklichung dieser Veranstaltung beigetragen haben, den tiefgefühlten Dank aus. Dieser gilt in erster Linie der österreichischen Bundesregierung, von der uns S. Exzellenz Dr. E. Kolh, der Herr Unterrichtsminister, die hohe Ehre seiner Anwesenheit und persönlichen Begrüssung erweist, die wir vollauf zu würdigen wissen. Es kann den österreichischen Behörden nicht hoch genug angerechnet werden, dass sie uns die Möglichkeit verschaffen, unsern vierten Kongress in Wien abzuhalten, das für uns einen Inbegriff hoher allgemeiner und zugleich touristischer Kultur bildet. Wenn die Aufnahme, die uns hier gewährt wird, vom Geiste einer Gastfreundschaft und Liebenswürdigkeit getragen ist, wie sie nicht mehr zu überbieten sind, so finden sich darin zugleich jene Vorstellungen bestätigt, die wir mit Österreich verbinden und wodurch dessen Land und Volk jedem einzelnen von uns so teuer wurden. In meinen aufrichtigen Dank seien nicht weniger alle eingeschlossen, die um die Vorbereitung und Organisation des Kongresses besorgt waren. Ich muss befürchten, Ungenauigkeiten und Ungerechtigkeiten zu begehen, wenn ich es unternehmen wollte, sie beim Namen zu nennen. Trotzdem kann und darf ich nicht unterlassen, unsern Freunden von der Österreichischen Verkehrswerbung und vom Institut für Fremdenverkehrsforschung an der Hochschule für Welthandel, an ihrer Spitze Herrn Doz. Dkfm. Dr. Paul Bernecker, die besondere Anerkennung für ihre verdienstvollen Bemühungen zum Ausdruck zu bringen. Jeder, der hinter die Kulissen sieht, weiss, welche Unmenge an Kleinarbeit und auch wie viele Unannehmlichkeiten manchmal mit der Vorbereitung derartiger Tagungen verknüpft sind. Unser Wunsch geht dahin, sie möchten mit dem heutigen Tage vergessen sein und unsere treuen Helfer würden nurmehr Genugtuung darüber empfinden, an einer guten Sache erfolgreich mitgewirkt zu haben — das einzige Entgelt übrigens, das wir ihnen zu bieten vermögen, das ihnen aber nebst unserer Verbundenheit in reichstem Masse gebührt und zukommen soll.

This paper attempts to trace and describe the role played by the government sector – the state – in promoting economic growth in Western societies since the Renaissance. One important conclusion is that the antagonism between state and market, which has characterised the twentieth century, is a relatively new phenomenon. Since the Renaissance one very important task of the state has been to create well‐functioning markets by providing a legal framework, standards, credit, physical infrastructure and – if necessary – to function temporarily as an entrepreneur of last resort. Early economists were acutely aware that national markets did not occur spontaneously, and they used “modern” ideas like synergies, increasing returns, and innovation theory when arguing for the right kind of government policy. In fact, mercantilist economics saw it as a main task to extend the synergetic economic effects observed within cities to the territory of a nation‐state. The paper argues that the classical Anglo‐Saxon tradition in economics – fundamentally focused on barter and distribution, rather than on production and knowledge – systematically fails to grasp these wider issues in economic development, and it brings in and discusses the role played by the state in alternative traditions of non‐equilibrium economics.

An earlier study of health and social services professionals in community teams for people with intellectual disabilities (CTIDs) identified a number of significant gaps in their knowledge of mental capacity issues. The present study aims to ascertain the knowledge of staff working in residential services for people with intellectual disabilities.

Participants were staff working in three specialist residential settings catering to people with intellectual disabilities: qualified nurses working in the UK National Health Service (NHS) and in independent‐sector continuing health care settings; and senior staff in residential houses. They were administered the same structured interview as in the earlier study, which was constructed around three scenarios concerning a financial/legal issue, a health issue, and a relationships issue, as well as a set of ten “true/false” statements. Their performance was compared with that of two reference groups, the earlier CTID participants, and a group of staff working in generic (i.e. other than specialist intellectual disability) NHS services.

No differences in interview performance were found between the three groups of residential carers, who performed better than generic NHS staff but worse than CTID professionals. However, the three residential groups did differ in their self‐ratings of how well‐informed and confident they felt in relation to mental capacity issues.

The study shows that staff working in residential services for people with intellectual disabilities have only a limited understanding of mental capacity issues and their confidence in their own knowledge may not be a good guide to their ability to deal with such issues when they arise in practice.

Micronesia, a term that means “small islands,” refers to a region of Western Pacific islands scattered across an area of the Pacific Ocean larger than the continental United States (see figure 1). This vast area, located in the tropics almost entirely north of the Equator, covers more than 4,500,000 square miles of ocean and includes more than 2,100 palm tree‐studded islands, islets, and coral atolls. Yet its total land area is fewer than 1,200 square miles—only slightly larger than Rhode Island (see figure 2). Only about 125 of the islands are inhabited on a permanent basis, by some 350,000 people.

This essay examines how two Marxist anti-colonial intellectuals from Portuguese India and French India – Aquino de Bragança and V Subbiah – differentially theorized movements for independence from colonial rule. Through the analysis of primary source documents in French, Portuguese, Italian and English, I compare V Subbiah's Dalit, anti-fascist anti-colonial Marxism to Aquino de Bragança's internationalist anti-colonial Marxism. Both theorists' approaches have similarities in (1) theorizing the relationship between fascism and colonialism given that the Portuguese Empire was administered by Salazar's Estado Novo and the French Empire was under Vichy rule, (2) rethinking Marxism to better fit the Global South context and (3) intellectual and political connections to Algeria were critically important for theory and praxis. Despite the distinct geographic and social spaces in which they lived and worked, both produced remarkably similar theories of anti-imperialism.

Several contradictions emerge in the ways in which Generation Z in Italy is, on the one hand, represented in public arenas and common sense and, on the other, when we look to the issues they face in confronting the socio-economic structure around them. This chapter specifically situates these emerging representations within the socio-economic scenario Generation Z lives in. We do this by interrogating statistical data – mainly ISTAT and Instituto Toniolo dataset. The overall picture sees Generation Z as not sharply different from the Millennials: it is a generation for which some structural constraints have been revealed already, but in respect to which they will face sharper conditions. Overall, we argue that statistical sources suggest that Generation Z is less worried about its future than it could be. The impact of the relative protective shell in which young people of this age find themselves has a role in this: one that is very much embedded in Italian culture and tradition. We conclude the chapter by conveying the idea that current Generation Z seems to be living in a soap bubble. By this we mean that the protection they enjoy and the somewhat positiveness with which they look at their future are due to disappear once they are constrained to deal with their responsibility outside of the family protection, in private life and in the labour market. Therefore the bubble that we see is specifically a soap bubble, given that it is likely to dissolve itself soon.

Aux experts axés trop exclusivement sur l'économie, le Professeur Hunziker rappelait opportunément que «l'homme lui‐même est le vrai centre du tourisme» et que la fonction économique du tourisme n'est que «subsidiaire», alors que «sa mission humanitaire» est «éminente».