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Paul Buckley and Richard Shepherd
The Government has recently made public its response to the FoodAdvisory Committee′s review of food labelling practices. Among theaccepted recommendations, the presentation of…
Abstract
The Government has recently made public its response to the Food Advisory Committee′s review of food labelling practices. Among the accepted recommendations, the presentation of labelling information is recognized to be of key importance. Presents a review of the ergonomic factors which affect the clarity of pack information and discusses the relevance of these findings for the design of effective food labelling.
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Sunil Kumar Sharma, Atri Sengupta and Subhash Chandra Panja
Grounded theory (GT) is a very crucial qualitative tool in research inquiry. It embraces systematic, inductive, and comparative inquiry method to construct a theory. GT is mostly…
Abstract
Grounded theory (GT) is a very crucial qualitative tool in research inquiry. It embraces systematic, inductive, and comparative inquiry method to construct a theory. GT is mostly appropriate to investigate organizational phenomena, which involves a change process. In this chapter, the authors focus on the emergence of GT as a research inquiry tool with the focus how GT evolves from classis grounded theory to constructivist ground theory. In the detailed method of GT, a focus is given on coding method along with theoretical sampling and theoretical saturation points. Despite being a powerful technique, GT has drawn a number of criticisms. Majority GT researchers consider the technique as an inductive method with a few exceptions, where it has been deliberated as a deductive method. However, in the line of Corley (2015), it can be argued that GT should be considered as a methodological approach to study inductive phenomena having less understanding of theoretical perspective. Chapter concludes with identifying future scope of study in the field of GT.
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Sakshi Kukreja, Girish C. Maheshwari and Archana Singh
The study aims to evaluate and compare the mergers and acquisitions (M&As) performance utilising a sample of deals originating from Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa…
Abstract
Purpose
The study aims to evaluate and compare the mergers and acquisitions (M&As) performance utilising a sample of deals originating from Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS). In addition to nation-wise performance analysis, a further sub-sample analysis is conducted based on the target location (domestic and cross-border), development status (developed and emerging) and the acquired ownership stakes (majority and minority).
Design/methodology/approach
The final sample of the study includes 7,105 deals announced between 2000 and 2019. M&A performance is proxied by the abnormal returns earned over the select event windows. Multiple parametric and non-parametric tests are employed for testing the robustness.
Findings
The results indicate significant performance differences across BRICS markets, with the highest and lowest abnormal returns reported for Chinese and Russian acquirers, respectively. The disaggregated analysis also affirms the performance differences for the select sub-samples.
Research limitations/implications
The study highlights the need for acknowledging and expounding the differences in M&As across emerging markets. Further, the results of the study provide a possible explanation of the disagreement over the M&A performance results reported in the previous literature.
Practical implications
Acknowledging and understanding the potential performance differences based on location, ownership strategies and development status can aid executives in sharpening decision-making and also help general investors.
Originality/value
The study contributes by examining a comprehensive sample of deals across five major emerging economies, as against the majority of previous studies which have their results based on either single nation samples or have utilised only a sub-sample of domestic or foreign acquisitions.
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Judith B. Quinlan, David Pilachowski, Larayne J. Dallas, Carol J. Veitch, Ray Gerke and Bessie Carrington
“What above all marks out a reference book from other works is the way it is arranged: it must be deliberately designed for ease of consultation rather than for continuous…
Abstract
“What above all marks out a reference book from other works is the way it is arranged: it must be deliberately designed for ease of consultation rather than for continuous reading.” “Ease of consultation,” an essential component for reference books, as stated by Gavin Higgens in his book Printed Reference Material, is a criterion that reference librarians often consider as they use reference books to answer questions. Reference book publishers have long used various special features designed to speed access to information in these sources. Thumb indexes for dictionaries come to mind immediately when one thinks of this type of special feature. Some publishers include printed index tabs listing sections or subject categories, as in The National Directory of Addresses and Telephone Numbers, where the tabs are on a separate sheet of paper to be attached to the appropriate pages by the librarian. Margin or edge indexes in the Washington Information Directory or in the Government Reports Announcements & Index provide quick identification of sections to turn to, and are easy to use for both patrons and librarians. Color can also be used as a device to distinguish different sections of a reference tool. Literary Market Place and Magazine Industry Market Place, for example, use yellow pages to separate the main body from the quick reference directory of names and telephone numbers. Of course, these devices are not substitutions for indexes or tables of contents, but are helpful to librarians and users who want to be more self‐sufficient. The editor of this column would like reference book publishers to consider including more of these devices in their publications. Readers are invited to write to this editor with other examples of special features which promote “ease of consultation” of reference serials.
Tao Wei, Sijin Zhao, Zongzhan Gao, Ke Zhang, Wenxuan Gou and Yangfan Dang
Fatigue and creep are the key factors for the failure of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in the engineering structure, so a great of quantity attention is focused on the life…
Abstract
Purpose
Fatigue and creep are the key factors for the failure of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in the engineering structure, so a great of quantity attention is focused on the life prediction under the creep and fatigue conditions. This paper aims to mainly summarize the traditional life assessment method (S–N curve), life assessment method based on crazing density and life assessment method based on transmittance. S–N curve and classical creep curve are introduced on the traditional life assessment method; the variation of the craze density with the logarithm of cyclic numbers is given in different fatigue load. A linear relationship is obtained, and a higher stress leads to a higher slope, suggesting a faster growth of craze. Furthermore, a craze density model is purposed to describe this relationship; the variation of craze density with the time at different creep load is given. The craze density has two obvious stages. At the first stage, craze density ranged from approximately 0.02 to 0.17, and a linear relationship is obtained. In the following stage, a nonlinear relationship appears till specimen rupture, a new creep life model is proposed to depict two stages. The relationship between transmission and time under creep load is shown. With increasing of time, the transmittance shows a nonlinear decrease. Through polynomial nonlinear fitting, a relationship between the transmittance and residual life can be obtained. To provide reference for the life assessment of transparent materials, the paper compares three life assessment methods of PMMA.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper uses the traditional life assessment method (S–N curve), life assessment method based on crazing density, life assessment method based on transmittance.
Findings
The variation of the craze density with the logarithm of cyclic numbers is given in different fatigue loads. A linear relationship is obtained, and a higher stress leads to a higher slope, suggesting a faster growth of craze. Furthermore, a craze density model is proposed to describe this relationship, and the variation of craze density with the time at different creep loads is given. The craze density has two obvious stages. The relationship between transmission and time under creep load is shown. With increasing of time, the transmittance shows a nonlinear decrease. Through polynomial nonlinear fitting, a relationship between the transmittance and residual life can be obtained.
Originality/value
Fatigue and creep are the key factors for the failure of PMMA in the engineering structure, so a great of quantity attention is focused on the life prediction under the conditions of creep and fatigue. This paper mainly summarizes traditional life assessment method (S–N curve), life assessment method based on crazing density and life assessment method based on transmittance.
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Antonio Barretto and Angela da Rocha
The internationalization process of Brazilian firms was examined using the case study method of research, in order to determine whether existing theories could explain the…
Abstract
The internationalization process of Brazilian firms was examined using the case study method of research, in order to determine whether existing theories could explain the Brazilian experience. Ten in-depth case studies were conducted. All companies studied were involved in foreign direct investment (FDI) at the time of data collection, and, with the exception of one, had started their internationalization by exporting. Motives to internationalize and to establish subsidiaries abroad were investigated. Typical patterns of motives to invest abroad and common sequences of entry modes were identified. The choice of foreign markets for FDI seemed to be associated with perceived psychic distance as postulated in the literature. The ownership structure, however, did not seem to follow the patterns identified in other studies. The study confirmed the proposition that inspired leaders play a major role in the initial steps of the internationalization process. Following network theory, personal and professional networks were determined to be of paramount importance in this process. Concluding, a framework is proposed for the study of the FDI decision of firms from emerging countries.
Peter Gammeltoft, Jaya Prakash Pradhan and Andrea Goldstein
The purpose of this paper is to present a framework for analyzing home and host country determinants and outcomes of emerging multinationals (EMNCs).
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present a framework for analyzing home and host country determinants and outcomes of emerging multinationals (EMNCs).
Design/methodology/approach
The paper applies a conceptual approach combined with analyses of statistics and secondary material.
Findings
The paper identifies changing trends and features of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) from emerging economies and identifies in particular differences between outflows from Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC).
Originality/value
The paper puts forward a framework for analyzing determinants and outcomes of structures and strategies of multinational companies from emerging economies and surveys contemporary trends and features of outward FDI from these economies.
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Markus Christian Simon, Michael Welling and Jörg Freiling
Questions regarding the internationalization of enterprises have been the focus of scientific studies for several years now. Many authors to date, however, still point to the fact…
Abstract
Questions regarding the internationalization of enterprises have been the focus of scientific studies for several years now. Many authors to date, however, still point to the fact that there is a current lack of an acceptable model for research into the internationalization process. At present, with the Scandinavian School, the GAINS approach, and the process trilogy (at least) three different approaches are vying for predominance, where evolutionary and revolutionary process interpretations seem to contradict each other. Since there is empirical proof for both approaches, reconciling these is currently difficult. Within this context, the objective of this discourse is to contribute to shaping corporate internationalization process theory with the resource-based and the competence-based views by rectifying several current deficits. The approach is deductive in order to circumvent the problems associated with inductive theory development that result when using the Scandinavian School and GAINS approaches. Secondly, the approach is economically substantiated in contrast to predominant non-economic interpretations. Finally, this approach makes it possible to formulate hypotheses that do not contradict previous findings on the internationalization process. Both evolutionary and revolutionary internationalization processes can be explained on this base.