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This article has been withdrawn as it was published elsewhere and accidentally duplicated. The original article can be seen here: 10.1108/EUM0000000000894. When citing the article, please cite: Patrick Fox, (1991), “Exploring Managersʼ Jobs”, International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 12 Iss: 7, pp. 20 - 30.

How a manager′s functional area and hierarchical level affect the roles required by managers in their jobs is examined. The 131 managers in the sample completed a matrix of 20 tasks and 28 qualities required in their jobs. A disjoint clustering technique was used to analyse the data – this is a type of oblique component analysis related to group factor analysis. Subgroups of managers were delineated, seven on the basis of their functional areas, and one group of senior managers/executives. The results indicate that the differences between theories of management work can be attributed to methodological artefacts. However, the argument that management is a set of behavioural skills which is transferable from one functional area to another is questioned, as the results of this study indicate that job‐related contingency variables affect strongly the contents of managerial work.

This paper aims to reflect on the roles that are socially attributed to older people in the COVID-19 pandemic.

A discourse analysis of World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for older people and news articles to explore their concepts about this population during COVID-19.

The author’s interpretation suggests that the WHO provides a restrictive model of action for older people in the pandemic. The history of these people is not valued, and their actions are limited to the maintenance of biological life. This restriction can lead to sacrificial behavior models depicted in the news, demanding a reconceptualization of the notion of older people.

The public model of older people is dangerous for this population during COVID19. The care for older people in this pandemic demands that we co-construct an active role with them for this crisis.

Over the last few decades, information technology (IT) has significantly altered the nature of work and organizational structures in many industries, including health care. The purpose of this analysis is to compare how system-level differences affect IT implementation in health care (HIT) and the implications of these differences for health care equity.

We critically analyzed selected claims concerning the capacity of HIT to provide better care to more individuals at lower costs, thus contributing to health care equity, in the context of current health care reform efforts in the United States. We used the case of HIT implementation in Taiwan’s National Health Insurance system as a contrasting case.

We argue that however much HIT may yield in quality improvements or savings in the context of a universal and publicly financed single payer system, such savings simply cannot be accrued by a system of multiple health plans competing for better customers (i.e., less costly patients) and driven by profit.

It is important to define the level of analysis in debates about the potential of HIT to produce better health care at lower costs and the equity implications of this potential. In these debates, US policy makers should consider the commitment to health care equity that informed the design of Taiwan’s health care system and of HIT implementation in that country. HIT merely provides enabling tools that are of little value without major systemic changes

To our knowledge, the health IT expert literature has overlooked when not ignored the ethical principles informing health care systems, an omission which makes it difficult if not impossible to evaluate the potential of HIT to increase equity in health care.

Purpose – To assess the claim of moral hazard proponents that individuals insulated from paying for the health care they use tend to demand more, often unnecessary, services, or engage in unhealthier behaviors than they otherwise would, collectively driving up demand and increasing health care spending (HCS).

Methodology/Approach – To test the hypothesis that moral hazard increases rather than decreases HCS, I apply a multivariate analysis to examine data from 21 OECD countries over a 20-year period, using out-of-pocket spending (OPS) as a proxy for moral hazard and as the key variable predicting HCS, controlling for other potential drivers of spending.

Findings – OPS is independently associated with HCS, yet in the direction opposite to what moral hazard theory predicts – about $13 higher HCS per additional $10 OPS (p = 0.000).

Research limitations – As with other cross-national studies, limitations include (1) inability to assess differences in health care delivery and quality within and across countries; (2) differences in the measurement and availability of variables across countries; (3) lack of access to data of potential significance, and (4) hard to evaluate cross-national political and cultural differences with implications for health policy.

Policy implications – At least in the United States, unless a fully publicly financed system to cover medically necessary services is implemented, the policy goals of extending adequate health insurance to a national population and controlling HCS nationally will not be met.

Originality/Value of Paper – Most research on moral hazard in US health care has drawn from comparisons within rather than among national health systems. Therefore, the originality and value of this cross-national study lies in its ability to identify variables that could not be included in single nation studies and which have the ability to inform policy and political action.

The paper reviews Fox’s frames of reference against subsequent changes in the composition of the labour force, shifts in social values and the arrival of the politics of identity.

A close reading of the frames of reference is placed in the context of Fox’s writing on the search for managerial legitimacy. That search is then considered in relation to the subsequent revolution in equal opportunities and contemporary efforts to promote equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI).

At the core of Fox’s frames lies the fundamental question of whether employers accept trade unions as a legitimate expression of employee interests. Changes in the composition of the labour force and the related arrival of identity politics has led to the emergence of a new set of interests based on social identity. These interests exist because of state legislation, social pressure from campaign groups and the awareness of the right to equal treatment regardless of gender, race, sexuality etc. It follows that the emergence of these identity-based interests means that employers are all pluralists now. This new pluralism has the ideological challenge of gaining approval not only from employees but also from the public in a world where errant employers are vulnerable to hashtag activism.

By revisiting Fox’s frames of reference, and emphasizing the role of employee interests, the paper shows that Fox's original insights on managerial authority and the need for “legitimising sentiments” are still relevant even if his frames are now outdated.

During a good chase, galloping 35 miles an hour over fences and walls and rapidly changing terrain, globe‐trotting chairman and CEO J. Patrick Michaels pursues his sport as intensely as he runs Communications Equity Associates.

The purpose of the paper is to summarize the author’s negative experiences with police. The author seeks to enlighten readers to the differential experiences of blacks and whites in police interactions.

The paper is an essay that details the author’s negative experiences with police, while living in a mid-sized Midwestern city.

The key research implication of the paper is that whites and blacks often have qualitatively different experiences with the police in local communities. While black professionals may be experiencing professional success at work, they may also grapple with racial slights and harassment that undermine their overall physical and psychological wellbeing.

Practically, this paper highlights the needs for police departments to train police on unconscious biases that lead to potential violence against black people. Prospective police officers should be screened on their racial attitudes and ideology to ensure they are equipped to police a broad array of citizens.

Socially, the paper underscores the unique experiences of black people with police compared to their white counterparts. To reduce cultural mistrust among blacks against whites, the latter must show empathy and understanding when blacks report instances of racial harassment and mistreatment. Also, whites who witness racial harassment perpetrated by their families, friends, and people in general, should speak out against such practices.

The author thinks the paper is original in that it chronicles his unique, negative experiences with police as a black man in America. The author provides a theoretical background to understand the recent uptick in police violence against blacks and provide helpful tips for moving forward to improve intergroup relations.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse urban transformation as a tourism resource. Tourism is undeniably a powerful motor for urban transformation but in return, urban transformation can represent a resource for actors related to tourism. More precisely this paper focuses on one major transformation of modern cities: gentrification.

The central hypothesis of this paper is that gentrification accompanies tourism, but that gentrification itself may also become an object of the tourist gaze. The paper focuses on local guides and small touristic entrepreneurs in order to identify the tensions that might arise. The presentation of two guided tours – “Subculture Brixton Nightlife Tour” and “Where Brooklyn At?” – will enable us to explore how the gentrification of Brixton (London) and Brooklyn (New York) may be used as a tourism resource for local private entrepreneurs.

Results presented here are based on ethnographic methods such as observation as well as content analysis and semi-directive interviews. Mobilising the historical concept of “slumming”, this paper proposes an extended conceptual framework, “neo-slumming”, to analyse evolving tourism practices in modern cities, practices that are considered here as tourism’s new frontiers.

However, as tourism transforms cities, the process itself is now of interest to tourists and thus becomes a resource for sector businesses (Naef, 2018). Yet studies about the touristification of urban transformation are still quite rare. This analysis aims to fill this gap by looking at the way a process, such as some spectacular, rapid or radical transformation of the urban fabric, can become a touristic resource associated with specific narratives and representations. In this context, the tourist gaze (Urry, 2002) is directed on a resource characterised by its ongoing change.