Chris Hagar, Elizabeth Harbord and Pat Henderson
Introduction A machine‐readable file of periodical records was first created at Newcastle in 1977, and held on the University's IBM 370/178. By 1985 the file consisted of about…
Abstract
Introduction A machine‐readable file of periodical records was first created at Newcastle in 1977, and held on the University's IBM 370/178. By 1985 the file consisted of about 12,000 records of which 3,400 were for current titles. The output was in microfiche, produced once a year, with one print‐out for staff use, which was amended regularly to keep it up‐to‐date. The microfiche was an alphabetical title listing but access was also provided by corporate bodies and different forms of title; for example, Journal of the American Medical Association appeared as Journal‐American Medical Association and American Medical Association‐Journal. Use of OCLC for cataloguing began in 1982, and cataloguing on LS/2000 (OCLC's local system) started in April 1985. OPAC terminals were made available at the same time and with the majority of the bookstock accessible through the OPAC it was obviously desirable to include periodical records as well. Two main options emerged, either to use the existing file or to catalogue all the periodicals from scratch, using records taken from the OCLC Union Catalogue. Periodical records on OCLC are fuller and more complex than we require and the size of the database means some difficulty in searching for the correct record. It was felt that to use OCLC records in a retroconversion project would take more time and staff effort than to load and edit our existing file. The latter option also meant that the records, albeit un‐edited, were all available on the OPAC from one date, rather than being added gradually.
Taking both an event-centered and a process approach to cause lawyering, the chapter asks: (1) if, when, and how working with movements can lead to one being functionally seen as…
Abstract
Taking both an event-centered and a process approach to cause lawyering, the chapter asks: (1) if, when, and how working with movements can lead to one being functionally seen as a cause lawyer and (2) whether researchers should include “hired gun” and state attorneys in the cause lawyering conversation. These questions are addressed by seeing how various cause lawyer qualities are exhibited by a range of attorneys involved in anti-abortion protest regulation cases. The research suggests that reasons exist to view previously excluded attorneys through the cause lawyering lens, and to continue pursuing the cause lawyer qualities discussed here.
On April 2, 1987, IBM unveiled a series of long‐awaited new hardware and software products. The new computer line, dubbed the Personal Systems 30, 50, 60, and 80, seems destined…
Abstract
On April 2, 1987, IBM unveiled a series of long‐awaited new hardware and software products. The new computer line, dubbed the Personal Systems 30, 50, 60, and 80, seems destined to replace the XT and AT models that are the mainstay of the firm's current personal computer offerings. The numerous changes in hardware and software, while representing improvements on previous IBM technology, will require users purchasing additional computers to make difficult choices as to which of the two IBM architectures to adopt.
Congratulations cards, gifts, and announcements in newspapers are some features of the social rituals surrounding the birth of a child, normally a happy occasion. A subtle mixture…
Abstract
Congratulations cards, gifts, and announcements in newspapers are some features of the social rituals surrounding the birth of a child, normally a happy occasion. A subtle mixture of public and private activity intermingle in reactions to this unique yet universal event. In this article I intend to explore the rituals and processes involved in hearing and spreading the news of a birth, with particular reference to grandparents. Such a discussion of the announceable features of becoming a grandparent can form the beginning of an assessment of the meaning and significance of grnadparenthood, something which has received little attention in sociological work. In providing an account of the essential features of ‘telling the news’, I hope to generate an understanding both of the procedures used to ‘make sense’ of grandparenthood, and of the structural assumptions and processes underlying the way in which events are announced.
The purpose of this paper is to incorporate Chinese traditionality (CT) and patriotism (PAT) within the theory of reasoned action (TRA). It tests the moderating effect of gender…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to incorporate Chinese traditionality (CT) and patriotism (PAT) within the theory of reasoned action (TRA). It tests the moderating effect of gender with the aim to provide a deeper understanding of why Chinese tourists choose to take domestic travels.
Design/methodology/approach
Data is collected from 370 Chinese tourists. Convenience sampling is used. Structural equation modelling is used to test the proposed hypotheses.
Findings
The results of this paper show that PAT is positively related to tourists’ attitudes (ATs) and Chinese domestic travel intention (CTI). Moreover, CT is found to influence PAT, ATs and subjective norms (SNs) directly, as well as CTI indirectly. However, the positive relationship between PAT and SNs is not supported. Additionally, the influence of PAT on CTI for females is significantly higher than that for males.
Research limitations/implications
The current paper adopts convenience sampling; data is collected using an online questionnaire which may cause sample bias and even reduce the reliability of the data. Future studies may adopt quota sampling based on the population of each province to gain more reliable data. Further research can consider including more constructs to better understand why Chinese people choose to travel domestically.
Originality/value
This paper is one of the first attempts to include PAT and CT within the TRA and contributes to the pool of literature on the TRA. It provides a comprehensive understanding of CTI. Second, PAT and CT are linked to the TRA, which expands the application of PAT and CT to the context of hospitality and tourism. Finally, the moderating role of gender contributes to the knowledge regarding the moderating effect between their respective relationships.
性别在中国传统与爱国主义对中国国内旅游意愿影响中的调节作用
摘要
研究目的
本研究将中国传统性与爱国主义引入理性行为理论, 同时将性别作为调节变量, 目的在于探究中国游客选择国内游的原因。
研究设计
通过分析便利抽样所收集的370份中国游客样本, 运用结构方程模型验证本研究的假设。
研究发现
中国游客爱国主义能够正向显著影响其国内游的态度和旅游意向; 此外, 中国传统性也直接影响游客的爱国主义、态度和主观规范, 并且分别通过爱国主义、态度和主观规范间接影响旅游意向; 然而, 爱国主义和主观规范之间的关系却并没有得到验证; 最后, 女性游客的爱国主义对于旅游意向的影响作用显著高于男性游客。
研究局限
首先, 本研究运用网络调研的方式进行便利抽样, 这一点有可能产生样本偏差, 甚至降低了样本的可信度, 未来研究可以根据各省人口数量采用配额抽样的方式进行抽样, 以期进一步提高数据的可信度; 其次, 更多的变量应当被引入研究, 以进一步探究中国游客选择国内游的原因。
原创性
首先, 本研究是为数不多的将爱国主义和中国传统性引入理性行为理论, 这一点进一步拓展了关于理性行为理论的研究范围, 也进一步加深了对于国内游原因的认识; 其次, 将爱国主义和中国传统性这一概念引入旅游领域, 进一步拓展了关于两者研究的边界; 最后, 在中国国内游的研究领域中, 将性别作为调节变量引入本研究一定程度上填补了在该领域研究中的不足。
La influencia de la moderación de género en la tradición China y el patriotismo en la intención de viajar dentro de China
Propósito
Este research incorpora los conceptos a de la tradicionalidad China (TC) y el patriotismo (PAT) a la teoría de La Acción razonada (TAR), teniendo en cuenta el efecto moderador de género, con el objetivo de profundizar en la comprensión de porqué los turistas chinos eligen realizar viajes domésticos/nacionales.
Diseño/Metodología
A partir de los datos recolectados de 370 turistas chinos utilizando las muestras de cuestionarios realizados de manera on-line, éste estudio usa un modelado de ecuaciones estructurales para probar las hipótesis propuestas.
Resultados
Los resultados demuestran que el PAT está positivamente relacionado con las actitudes del viajero y la intención de viaje nacional chino (IVNC).Es más, la tradicionalidad China (TC) influye en el Patriotismo (PAT), las actitudes del viajero chino (AVC) y también en las normas subjetivas (NS) directamente.Adicionalmente, la influencia del PAT en la intención de viaje del viajero doméstico chino, especialmente en mujeres, es significativamente mayor que en hombres.
Limitaciones/Implicaciones
Primero, el estudio adopta un muestreo de conveniencia y recopila cuestionarios on-line, lo que puede causar un sesgo en la muestra e incluso reducir la confiabilidad de los datos obtenidos.Los futuros estudios pueden adoptar un muestreo por cuotas basado en el número de población de cada una de las provincias de China, para obtener datos más relevantes.
Originalidad del trabajo/Valores
Este estudio es uno de los primeros en incluir el PAT y el TC dentro de la TAR, que amplía la literatura sobre la TAR y proporciona una comprensión más completa de las actitudes del viajero chino.Segundo, el PAT y la TC están vinculados al TAR, el cuál expande la aplicación del PAT y la TC en el contexto del turismo en todas sus ramas.Por último, el rol moderador de género contribuye al conocimiento, sobre el efecto moderador entre sus respectivas relaciones.
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Most of the past studies have managed to confirm the value‐relevance of R&D, but few of them have formally addressed the issue of knowledge spillovers. In reality, firms improve…
Abstract
Most of the past studies have managed to confirm the value‐relevance of R&D, but few of them have formally addressed the issue of knowledge spillovers. In reality, firms improve their know‐how both by producing new knowledge and by learning from others. The objective of this study is to examine the relevance of R&D and knowledge spillovers as an explanation for the observed inconsistency between market and book values. While the level of R&D is measured by R&D expenses and patent counts, the intensity of knowledge spillovers is measured by tracing the linkages between inventions across time as established by patent citations. Specifically, knowledge spillovers are decomposed into intraindustry, internal, and interindustry spillovers. The empirical findings from this study conclude that R&D and knowledge spillovers are value‐relevant. The results also suggest that, among the three components of spillovers, intraindustry spillovers have the strongest impact on market‐to‐book ratios.
B.W. Steyn‐Bruwer and W.D. Hamman
This study investigates overtrading, which is the result of an expansion rate that is too high in relation to a particular business’s structure. It often results in cash flow…
Abstract
This study investigates overtrading, which is the result of an expansion rate that is too high in relation to a particular business’s structure. It often results in cash flow problems. The phenomenon of overtrading is described in a case study on Profurn. In this study, a ratio was developed that can be used to identify companies in an overtrading position. Selected variables were tested by means of the Kruskal Wallis test in order to pinpoint variables that can discriminate successfully between companies that are overtrading and ones that are not. Overtrading occurred in 15.5% of the company years of listed South African companies between September 1989 and December 2005. Of the 35 variables tested, 31 were found to be able to discriminate statistically between company years in which overtrading occurred as opposed to ones in which it did not occur. These variables can therefore be used to profile companies that overtrade.
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Solveig Kirstine Bennike Bennedsen and Lærke Lissau Lund-Sørensen
In this chapter, we analyzed the effects of internationalization on innovation, productivity, and firm performance among multinational pharmaceutical companies as representatives…
Abstract
In this chapter, we analyzed the effects of internationalization on innovation, productivity, and firm performance among multinational pharmaceutical companies as representatives of a global knowledge-based industry. The empirical analysis used multiple stepwise regressions based on a sample of 149 firms headquartered in Europe and the US. The results indicate that innovation outcomes are positively correlated to the number of foreign subsidiaries (scope internationalization), whereas surprisingly, formal research and development (R&D) does not seem to directly influence innovation. This suggests that the firms benefit from local overseas subsidiaries to create and implement new innovative offerings. The number of foreign subsidiaries has a U-shaped relationship to patent productivity suggesting that firms can gain advantages by locating cost-intensive activities in low-cost countries and critical tasks in advanced market locations. Firm performance has a U-shaped relationship to sales abroad (scale internationalization) and the relationship is further enhanced by a high focus on R&D. This suggests that sales abroad enable scale economies, where R&D improves quality and relevance of products and thereby boosts performance. Finally, to validate the findings we conducted two semi-structured interviews with representative industry experts and gained further insights for an extended interpretation of results.
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Ritu Srivastava and Ajai Prakash
Cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have given the opportunity to the emerging market multinationals to add value while implementing the strategy of internationalization…
Abstract
Purpose
Cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have given the opportunity to the emerging market multinationals to add value while implementing the strategy of internationalization. The Indian pharmaceutical firms are also adopting this strategy and the purpose of this paper is to determine the evidence of value creation for their international M&A activity.
Design/methodology/approach
In total, 30 cross-border M&A are examined for value addition through accounting (PAT as percentage of net worth, PAT as percentage of capital employed, research and development (R&D) expenses as percentage of operating expenses) and shareholder return (cumulative abnormal returns) measures of the acquirer firm ex-ante and ex-post M&A. The difference in mean values of the variables after the M&A event is determined through Student's t-test. The time horizon selected for accounting variables was five years and the abnormal stock market returns were calculated using domestic market model with the event window being 40 days.
Findings
The results indicate no statistically significant difference in the mean values of all the measures except R&D expenses as percentage of operating expenses for the acquirer Indian firms before and after the M&A event. The mean values of abnormal returns were less than those before the M&A activity.
Research limitations/implications
The study does not include a control group of Indian firms engaged wholly in domestic M&A activity or those firms who have not merged or acquired at all.
Practical implications
The study may point out toward no significant ex-ante value creation in terms of the selected profit measures but it suggests the probability of the strategy being adopted as a solution to problems like the transfer of tacit knowledge in case of technology led competitive advantages in the pharmaceutical industry and the rise of R&D activity.
Originality/value
The Indian pharmaceutical industry has been experiencing waves of international M&A activity since 2005 after the implementation of Product patent Act, 2005. However, little research has been done on the sector to understand the value creating implications of such corporate strategic decisions.
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In the last four years, since Volume I of this Bibliography first appeared, there has been an explosion of literature in all the main functional areas of business. This wealth of…
Abstract
In the last four years, since Volume I of this Bibliography first appeared, there has been an explosion of literature in all the main functional areas of business. This wealth of material poses problems for the researcher in management studies — and, of course, for the librarian: uncovering what has been written in any one area is not an easy task. This volume aims to help the librarian and the researcher overcome some of the immediate problems of identification of material. It is an annotated bibliography of management, drawing on the wide variety of literature produced by MCB University Press. Over the last four years, MCB University Press has produced an extensive range of books and serial publications covering most of the established and many of the developing areas of management. This volume, in conjunction with Volume I, provides a guide to all the material published so far.