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Cooldown of fuel inside a horizontal cylinder (i.d. approximately equal to that of a pylon tank) was modelled with a mixture of 50% glycerine and 50% water (Ti = 65°C). Safety considerations and poor optical qualities at low temperatures precluded fuel from being used in these experiments. The test was started by suddenly imposing a nominal 10°C external temperature field (flowing tap water) on the aluminium skin. Fluid velocities and temperatures were measured during the transient near the mid‐length plane of the cylinder, where end effects were reduced. Therefore, the physical situation at this plane was considered amenable to a 2‐D analysis. Tests were conducted with a full partially full tank and included tests with the tank tilted 10° from the horizontal to determine axial convection effects; this angle approximates an angle of attack during cruise. Tilting the tank produced temperatures at the elevated end which were significantly higher than those at the lowered end, especially for the bottom ½ of the tank where the ΔT between ends was as high as 5°C 30 minutes after the start of test.

The Braun and Simpson’s (2004) study indicates that the Pause method is an effective teaching approach for auditing based on four sets of hypotheses in developing students’ oral, written and interpersonal communication skills. In addition, it is more beneficial to the learning process and more enjoyable than the lecture-only method. The extent of achieving both of these is dependent on the type of activity that is consistent with the student’s preferred Pause method activity. Students will achieve higher examination scores when following their preferred Pause activity. Our study replicates the Braun and Simpson’s study in Greater China using one university in Hong Kong and one in mainland China as students in these jurisdictions are more passive learners and their value of learning more extrinsic than intrinsic. The results are similar to the Braun and Simpson’s study, thus enhancing the universality of the “Pause” method.

This paper aims to improve the previous fuel scrubbing model and find out the relationship between bubble diameter and scrubbing efficiency (ƞ).

A fuel tank scrubbing test bench was established to verify the accuracy of this model. Ullage and dissolved oxygen concentration were measured, and images of bubble size and distribution were collected and analyzed using image analysis software.

The bubble diameter has a great influence on ullage and dissolved oxygen concentration during the fuel scrubbing process. The scrubbing efficiency (ƞ) has an exponential relationship with bubble diameter and decreases rapidly as the bubble diameter increases.

The variation of the ullage and dissolved oxygen concentration predicted by this model is more accurate than that of the previous model. In addition, the study of bubble size can provide a guidance for the design of fuel scrubber.

This study not only improves the previous fuel scrubbing model but also develops a method to calculate scrubbing efficiency (ƞ) based on bubble diameter. In addition, a series of tests and analyses were conducted, including numerical calculation, experiment and image analysis.

PHOENICS, a general 3‐D Navier‐Stokes computer program, was used to simulate cooling and freezing of jet fuel stored in airplane fuel tanks. A 3‐D analysis is required for fuel tanks of arbitrary geometry exposed to time dependent and nonuniform boundary temperatures. The work reported in this paper concentrated on 2‐D simulations of fuel cooling and freezing in a wing tank and external (pylon) tanks as a step toward the 3‐D analysis. Significant progress has been made on obtaining plausible solutions over the entire range of conditions considered. The same model, with appropriate changes for fuel properties, could also be used to predict fuel heating in airplane fuel tanks during supersonic flight conditions.

Effective teaching, while supplemented by best practice methods and assessments, is rooted in accurate, age-appropriate, and engaging content. As a foundation for history content, elementary educators rely strongly on textbooks and children’s literature, both fiction and non-fiction. While many researchers have examined the historical accuracy of textbook content, few have rigorously scrutinized the historical accuracy of children’s literature. Those projects that carried out such examination were more descriptive than comprehensive due to significantly smaller data pools. I investigate how children’s non-fiction and fiction books depict and historicize a meaningful and frequently taught history topic: Christopher Columbus’s accomplishments and misdeeds. Results from a comprehensive content analysis indicate that children’s books are engaging curricular supplements with age-appropriate readability yet frequently misrepresent history in eight consequential ways. Demonstrating a substantive disconnect between experts’ understandings of Columbus, these discouraging findings are due to the ways in which authors of children’s books recurrently omit relevant and contentious historical content in order to construct interesting, personalized narratives.

ABA has been described as a precise psychological approach to the study of behavior (Bailey & Burch, 2002), involving well-defined principles that can be used in the analysis and modification of individual behavior (Miltenberger, 1997). Special education, on the contrary, has been characterized as “a customized instructional program designed to meet the unique needs of the individual learner” (Gargiulo, 2009, p. 9). Certainly the two disciplines have much in common; indeed, ABA specifically addresses issues at the focal point of IDEA. For instance, ABA's stance on the right to effective behavioral treatment (Van Houten et al., 1988) is similar to special education regulations regarding the right to an appropriate public education and the right to be educated in the least restrictive environment.

This study aims to get the essential data of the solubility and diffusion coefficient of gas in jet fuel for appropriately designing a kind of on-board inert gas generation system.

A test apparatus based on pressure–decay method was constructed to measure solubility and diffusion coefficient of gas in liquid. The test apparatus and method were verified via measurement of solubility and diffusion of CO₂ in the pure water.

The solubility of CO₂ and O₂ in RP-3 jet fuel with the temperature from 253 to 313 K under three various pressures were measured and compared with theoretical value calculated by a relative density method provided in the standard of ASTM D2780-92, and the deviation is within 10 per cent. The diffusion coefficients of CO₂ and O₂ in RP-3 jet fuel are determined by monitoring the gas pressure in a hermetic cell versus time with the temperature from 253 to 333 K. The measured diffusivity-temperature relation can be well fitted through the Arrhenius equation for engineering applications. The obtained correlation can be used to predict the diffusion coefficient of CO₂ and O₂ in RP-3 jet fuel under a wide temperature range.

The semi-empirical correlation of solubility and diffusion coefficient in RP-3 jet fuel obtained from the experimental data could be used to support the design of an inert gas generation system.

There are no essential data of solubility and diffusion of CO₂ and O₂ in RP-3 jet fuel; therefore, it is fatal if the quantity and rate of mass transfer of CO₂ and O₂ in RP-3 jet fuel must be assessed, e.g. during the design of green on-board inert gas generation system.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of unconditional cash transfers in Indonesia on poverty and inequality while, unlike much of the previous literature on the welfare impact of such transfers, acknowledging that they will have both a direct effect and an economy-wide effect on the national economy.

The methodology used is a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model of the Indonesian economy. The unique feature of this model, which is very relevant in this study, is the disaggregation of households by expenditure classes; this allows for precise estimation of the distributional impact and poverty incidence.

The results suggest that, despite a large reduction in poverty, particularly in rural areas, such transfers reduce the Indonesian GDP, especially if domestically financed through increasing the value added tax of all commodities. However, the GDP reduction can be reduced by approximately half when cash transfers are financed by reducing the distortionary fuel subsidy. Moreover, cash transfers financed by reducing the fuel subsidy also reduce inequality by much more than otherwise. Various extents of the distribution of the transfers are compared, from giving them to the poorest 10 percent to distributing them equally to all households. The benefit of the transfers, in terms of reduced poverty and inequality, is found to be smaller when the author extends the beneficiaries toward the non-poor, although the economy-wide cost, in terms of the reduced GDP, is smaller.

The CGE model used in this model is a comparative-static model that does not explicitly model the time dimension, i.e. how the impact of the transfers evolves over time. This is important if we want to know the timing of the transfers and how and when they are translated into impacts.

To reduce the contractionary effect of cash transfers program, government/policy makers should carefully look for appropriate financing such as from removing subsidy with pre-existing distortions like fuel subsidies.

Government needs to carefully design cash transfers to minimize the negative indirect (economy-wide) implication for the national economy and to make sure that the transfers reach the targeted beneficiaries.

Few previous studies have acknowledged the indirect economy-wide effect in analyzing the impact of cash transfers. To the author’s knowledge, this has never been done before for Indonesia. Unlike previous studies, this paper is unique as it contains sensitivity analysis on how transfers can be mistargeted and reach the non-poor and looks at the implications not only for poverty and inequality but also for the rest of the economy.