The theory of possibility (Zadeh, Sugeno) and the theory of relative information (Jumarie) both aim to deal with the meaning of information, but their mathematical frameworks are…
Abstract
The theory of possibility (Zadeh, Sugeno) and the theory of relative information (Jumarie) both aim to deal with the meaning of information, but their mathematical frameworks are quite different. In the first approach, possibility is described either by fuzziness (Zadeh) or by generalized measures (Sugeno), and in the second, possibility is obtained as the result of observing probability via an observation process with informational invariance. Shows that a combination of (classical) information theory with generalized maximum likelihood via geometric programming exhibits a link between relative information, fuzziness and possibility. Some consequences are outlined.
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Surveys some of the important contributions of information theory (IT) to the understanding of systems science and cybernetics. Presents a short background on the main definitions…
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Surveys some of the important contributions of information theory (IT) to the understanding of systems science and cybernetics. Presents a short background on the main definitions of IT, and examines in which way IT could be thought of as a unified approach to general systems. Analyses the topics: syntax and semantics in information, information and self‐organization, entropy of forms (entropy of non‐random functions), and information in dynamical systems. Enumerates some suggestions for further research and takes this opportunity to describe new points of view, mainly by using entropy of non‐random functions.
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Valery J. Frants, Jacob Shapiro and Vladimir G. Voiskunskii
Organizing systems should have a decreasing informational entropy, and a meaningful modelling of this property is provided by the approach via the maximum entropy principle, in…
Abstract
Organizing systems should have a decreasing informational entropy, and a meaningful modelling of this property is provided by the approach via the maximum entropy principle, in which the value of the entropy so achieved decreases as the number of constraints increases. As a result, self‐organizing systems could be characterized by a property of self‐creation of constraints. The approach can be extended to probability distributions which depend on an external distributed parameter. In this same information theoretic framework, it appears that the concept of negentropy (negative entropy) introduced by physicists a few decades ago, can be directly identified with informational entropy of deterministic functions (which can be thought of as related to entropy of forms).
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Qualitative data analysis requires methodological knowledge and intellectual competence. Analysis is not about adhering to any one correct approach or set of right techniques; it…
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Qualitative data analysis requires methodological knowledge and intellectual competence. Analysis is not about adhering to any one correct approach or set of right techniques; it is imaginative, artful, flexible, and reflexive. It should also be methodical, scholarly, and intellectually rigorous. (Coffey and Atkinson, 1996, p.1.
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Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to enhance the anticorrosion property of aluminium pigments and to improve their compatibility with polymers in coating.
Design/methodology/approach
Aluminium pigments encapsulated by organic‐inorganic layer were prepared by hydrolysis and condensation of organic silane acrylate resin and tetraethoxy silane (TEOS) on the surface of pigments via sol‐gel method. TEOS and poly (methyl methacryalte‐n‐butyl acrylate‐vinyl triethoxysilane) (PMBV) formed in advance by co‐polymerisation of methyl methacrylate (MMA), n‐butyl acrylate (BA) and vinyl triethoxysilane (VTES) were used as precursors. The adhesion property of the aluminium pigments was measured by peel test, and the loss of silvery appearance after encapsulation and acid soaking were both evaluated by colour lightness difference (ΔL) measurement. The encapsulated aluminium pigments were further characterised by means of FTIR, SEM, TG and XPS.
Findings
It was found that PMBV‐SiO2 thin films could be formed on the surface of aluminium pigments smoothly and uniformly, and the adhesion and anticorrosion performances of encapsulated aluminium pigments were improved significantly.
Research limitations/implications
The organic silane acrylate resin used as a precursor in the sol‐gel process could be synthesised from other aclyate monomers. In addition, the hydrolysis and condensation mechanism of organic silane acrylate resin on the surface of aluminium pigments need further studies.
Practical implications
The method developed provided a good solution to the two problems of aluminium pigments and increased their application values.
Originality/value
The method of improving adhesion and anticorrosion properties of aluminium pigments was novel and could find numerous applications in surface coatings and adhesives.
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Three structural properties of accounting commonly embedded in Generally Accepted Accounting Principles are examined in a two-period principal-agent model. These structural…
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Three structural properties of accounting commonly embedded in Generally Accepted Accounting Principles are examined in a two-period principal-agent model. These structural properties are conservation of income, consistency, and selective recognition. The article illustrates that these properties are essential for the use of accounting information in management performance evaluation: they are necessary conditions for an accounting mechanism to be more efficient than a direct revelation mechanism. The trade-off between the gain from the information revelation and the incentive cost of discretion determines whether contracting is more efficient under the accounting mechanism or under the direct revelation mechanism.
Jing Lin, Wei Wang, Xiufang Wen, Zhi‐Qi Cai, Pihui Pi, Da‐feng Zheng, Jiang Cheng and Zhuoru Yang
The purpose of this paper is to study thermal stability, curing kinetics and physico‐chemical properties of polyurethanes systems for application in in‐mould decoration (IMD) ink.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study thermal stability, curing kinetics and physico‐chemical properties of polyurethanes systems for application in in‐mould decoration (IMD) ink.
Design/methodology/approach
The thermal stability of three Polyurethane (Pu) systems A, B, C were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The kinetic parameters of the curing reaction of Pu system C were calculated using non‐isothermal curing kinetics analysis, including the activation energy Ea, the reaction rate constant K(T), the reaction order n, the initial curing temperature (Ti), the peak temperature (Tp), and the finishing temperature (Tf). Additionally, physico‐chemical properties were also evaluated such as flexibility, impact resistance, pencil hardness, adhesive attraction and solvent resistance.
Findings
TGA showed that thermal decomposition temperature T5 (5 wt.% weight loss), T10 (10 wt.% weight loss) and Tend (decomposition termination temperature) of Pu system C was 344°C, 363°C, and 489°C, respectively. T5, T10, Tend increased by 77°C, 61°C, 4°C, respectively, and the char yield at 600°C increased by 25.1 wt.% comparing with Pu system B. Curing kinetics analysis showed that Ea of Pu system C was 62.29 KJ/mol, 65.98 KJ/mol and 65.95 KJ/mol by Kissinger, Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa and Ozawa method, respectively. The order of the curing reaction (n=0.90) demonstrated that it was a complex reaction. Moreover, Pu system C exhibited good physico‐chemical properties. The results showed that Pu system C was suitable to apply into IMD ink.
Research limitations/implications
The TGA analysis, curing kinetics analysis and evaluation of physico‐chemical properties provided a simple and practical solution to study suitable resins for IMD ink application.
Practical implications
IMD ink for heat transfer printing technology is highly efficient, relatively low cost, clean and environmentally safe. It has been widely applied into medical and pharmaceutical products, electronic devices, telecommunication equipment, computer parts, appliance panels, automotive parts, etc.
Originality/value
In this paper, the thermal stability and curing kinetics of Pu for IMD ink are reported for the first time. The paper gives very interesting and important information about thermal stability, curing kinetics and properties of Pu coating system for IMD ink application.
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Zhiling Ma, Yanjun Qiao, Fei Xie, Xianling Wang and Jing Wang
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the role of encapsulation temperature on the preparation of silica-encapsulated waterborne aluminium pigments.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the role of encapsulation temperature on the preparation of silica-encapsulated waterborne aluminium pigments.
Design/methodology/approach
The waterborne aluminium pigments were prepared with H2O2 as anchoring agent and siloxane used as precursors in pH = 9.0 medium at different temperatures. The anchorage and compactness of silicon which on aluminium surface were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and N2 adsorption-desorption. The anticorrosion property was characterized by the volume of produced hydrogen as a function of time.
Findings
The effect of encapsulation temperature on anticorrosion property of aluminium pigments is reflected from the anchorage and the compactness of silica on aluminium surface. Furthermore, when encapsulation temperature is 45-50°C, the silica platelets uniformly anchored on the aluminium surface as a dense film, which show the best anticorrosion property. Lower and higher encapsulation temperatures cause the silica platelets to agglomerate rather than anchor on the aluminium surface, which is unfavourable for the anchorage and the formation of compact silica film. The use of product in waterborne coatings gives a higher glossiness than that of raw material.
Research limitations/implications
Only pH = 9.0 medium was explored, and the other pH medium could result in different optimum temperatures.
Practical implications
The investigation results provide theoretical basis for obtaining excellent waterborne aluminium pigments.
Originality/value
The method of investigating corrosion resistance mechanism of aluminium pigments based on anchorage and compactness is novel.
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Under this heading are published regularly abstracts of all Reports and Memoranda or the Aeronautical Research Council, Reports and Technical Memoranda of the United States…
Abstract
Under this heading are published regularly abstracts of all Reports and Memoranda or the Aeronautical Research Council, Reports and Technical Memoranda of the United States National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and publications of other similar Research Bodies as issued