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The aim of this paper is to provide the theoretical conceptualization of a bandpass (BP) negative group delay (NGD) microstrip circuit. The main objective is to provide a theorization of the particular geometry of the microstrip circuit with experimental validation of the NGD effect.

The methodology followed in this work is organized in three steps. A theoretical model is established of equivalent S-parameters model using Y-matrix analysis. The GD analysis is also presented by showing that the circuit presents a possibility to generate NGD function around certain frequencies. To validate the theoretical model, as proof-of-concept (POC), a microstrip prototype is designed, fabricated and tested.

This work clearly highlighted the modelled (analytical design model), simulated (ADS simulation tool) and measured results are in good correlation. Relying on the proposed theoretical, numerical and experimental models, the BP NGD behaviour is validated successfully with GD responses specified by the NGD centre frequency: it is observed around 2.35 GHz, with an NGD value of about −2 ns.

It is to be noticed the proposed GD analysis requires limitations of the theoretical NGD model. It is depicted and validated through a POC demonstrating that the circuit presents a possibility to generate NGD function around certain frequencies (assuming constraints around usable frequency and bandwidth).

The NGD O-shape topology developed in this work could be exploited in the future in the microwave and radiofrequency context. Thus, it is expected to develop GD equalization technique for radiofrequency and microwave filters, GD compensation of oscillators, filters and communication systems, design of broadband switch-less bi-directional amplifiers, efficient enhancement of feedforward amplifiers, design method of frequency independent phase shifters with negligible delay, synthesis method of arbitrary-angle beamforming antennas. The BP NGD behavior may also be successfully used for the reduction of resonance effect for the electronic compatibility (EMC) of electronic devices.

The non-conventional NGD O-circuit theoretical development and validation through experimental POC could be exploited by academic and industrial developers in the area of wireless communications including, but not restricted to, 5-generation communication systems. The use of the remarkable NGD effect is also useful for the mitigation of electromagnetic interferences between electronic devices and more and more complex electromagnetic environment (current development of Internet of Things[ IoT]).

The originality of this work relies on the new NGD design proposed in this work including the extraction of S-matrix parameters of the microstrip novel structure designed. The validation process based upon an experimental POC showed very interesting levels of NGD O-circuit (nanosecond-GD duration).

This paper aims to develop high-pass (HP) negative group delay (NGD) investigation based on three-port lumped circuit. The main particularity of the proposed three-port passive topology is the consideration of only a single circuit element represented by a capacitor.

The methodology of the paper is to consider the S-matrix equivalent model derived from admittance matrix approach. So, an S-matrix equivalent model of a three-port circuit topology is established from admittance matrix approach. The frequency-dependent basic expressions are explored to perform the HP-NGD analysis. Then, the existence condition of HP-NGD function type is analytically demonstrated. The specific characteristics and synthesis equations of HP-NGD circuit with respect to the desired optimal NGD value are established.

After computing the frequency expressions to perform the HP-NGD analysis, this study demonstrated the existence condition of HP-NGD function type analytically. The validity of the HP-NGD theory is verified by a prototype of three-port circuit. The proof-of-concept (POC) single capacitor three-port circuit presents an NGD response and characteristics from analytical calculation and simulation is in very good correlation.

An innovative theory of HP-NGD three-port circuit is studied. The proposed HP-NGD topology is constituted by only a single capacitor. After the topological description, the S-matrix model is established from the Y-matrix by means of Kirchhoff voltage law and Kirchhoff current law equations. A POC of single capacitor three-port circuit was designed and simulated with a commercial tool. Then, a prototype with a surface-mounted device component was fabricated and tested. As expected, simulation and measurement results in very good agreement with the calculated model show the feasibility of the HP-NGD behavior. This work is compared to other NGD-type function with diverse number of ports and components.

This study aims to investigate blockchain technology (BT) and its opportunities and weaknesses in Iran's tax system; it addresses the opportunities and challenges of BT when incorporated into Iran's tax system.

The statistical population consists of all the employees and managers working in tax administration, and 674 participants were selected as the sample size via Cochran sampling. The partial least square tests are used to investigate the impact of the independent variable on dependent ones.

The results show that BT positively affects three components of tax, including value-added tax, tax on shipping goods and income tax. BT’s advantages and opportunities positively affect these taxation types, while its threats negatively affect the opportunities and challenges in Iran’s tax system; this study provides helpful insights and develops the knowledge. Furthermore, this is among the initiatives addressing BT’s opportunities and challenges in three discriminative taxation sectors, including value-added tax, tax on shipping goods and payroll tax.

Since no study has addressed BT’s opportunities and weaknesses in Iran’s tax system, it addresses the opportunities and challenges of BT when incorporated into Iran’s tax system.

The purpose of this paper is to focus on existing law, the legal system and jurisprudence circling round territorial concepts.

This paper is an opinion piece based on current and recent analysis of legal principle.

After the emergence of the internet as well as cyberspace, human activities are not confined solely to the physical world. They have been extended to a very different and peculiar non‐physical world. This world is everywhere and at the same time it is nowhere; and necessarily it is difficult to prescribe rules and enforce the same regarding cyberspace for its everywhere and nowhere proposition. The elementary concept of jurisprudence e.g. title, ownership and possession, etc. cannot be considered in the way we usually understand in case of real world. However, cyberspace has to be controlled by a legal framework that involves new ideas, leading to a new challenge in existing legal philosophy exclusively based on territorial concept.

Traditional territorial jurisprudence has to be revised in the light of cyber necessities arising out of high technological development. Moreover, certain new institutions have to be established in order to apply new principles in dispute settlement of cyber matters. This paper both identifies the need and options for the future.

The purpose of this paper is to show that the internet together with cyberspace form an “everywhere and nowhere proposition” and to discuss numerous problems concerning legal issues, the most vital being confusion as to jurisdiction.

The research was based upon theoretical sources and empirical data.

It was found that a probable solution could be extracted from the US experience for all the nations coming under the virtual framework of cyberspace. Some hi‐tech nations are facing this problem; and the USA is one of them. Even the USA – a large federal state – faces the jurisdictional problem and conflict as regards its own provinces; and the US courts, legal institutions and intellectuals are resorting to established principles of law – domestic or international. Decisions of US cases have been keenly observed to find out how the US courts and legal scholars have taken the help of traditional territorial tenets and precepts to resolve jurisdictional conflict. In many cases, US courts and legal scholars have shown their interest to adopt personal jurisdiction.

With the USA being a representative type of hi‐tech nation, US attitude and practice could usher the way for all other upcoming hi‐tech nations.

The purpose of this chapter is to explain the concept of right to participation from the viewpoint of development and tries to establish nexus between participation and right to development in context of human rights-based approach and try to establish the co-existence between the two terminologies. The term participation is closely associated with the traditional democratic system; under this system people are entitled to participate in governance system directly or indirectly, which can be dated back from the ancient Greek civilization (Faruque, 2002a). In a democratic system, participation is people central and can be treated as “an valuable module of any system that considers itself a democracy” (Kweit & Kweit, 1981) “corner stone of democracy” (Sherry, 1969) or “instrument of legitimacy of government” (Falk & Strauss, 2000). Participation means a right by which one can exercise his/her function in the society and express his/her view or behavior toward the political system and governance. So the notion of participation is “effective in mobilizing and natural resources and combating inequalities, discrimination, poverty and exclusion” (UN.DOC, E/CN.4/1990/9/Rev. 1, 1990, Ch. 7). However, the concept of participation “should be viewed both as a means to an end and as an end itself” (UN.DOC, E/CN.4/1990/9/Rev. 1, 1990, Ch. 7, para 150). In environmental level, public participation has played a vital role in decision-making for measuring the protection of environment. Public participation in decision-making that affects the environment is recognized in the Aarhus Convention (Convention on Access to Information, 2001).

The purpose of this paper is to explain and come to an understanding of origin and growth relating to the concept of environment and sustainable development in domestic and international laws; also to show the rationality of enlisting the right to the environment as a basic right in the constitution, that would help to protect this value from the detrimental activities of private entities and states, and also to show the rationality of institutional development.

This paper attempts to focus on environment and sustainable development in Bangladesh. The research is based upon theoretical sources and empirical data.

An environment is a set of natural, artificial or man‐made, physical, chemical and biological elements that make the existence, transformation and development of living organisms possible. The appearance of the environmental law arose from the need to conserve the environment in order to avoid its destruction and, as a result, the danger that an adequate quality of life might disappear. By conservation, we understand all those measures that are necessary to preserve the environment and natural resources. In modern times, human development corresponds to the concept of sustainable development and environment. It is a transverse theme derived from joint consideration of the issue of the environment and environmental protection, and of all that concerns production in the development of a country or nation.

The paper is original in calling for making the constitution a weapon, in as much as the environment should be fit for human development so that productive activities may meet present needs without compromising those of future generations. The environment is an independent value and needs as strict protection as other commonly agreed values, such as the right to property, or the right to life and health.

The purpose of this paper is to focus on some of the issues and problem of implementation of foreign arbitral awards in Bangladesh.

Based upon theoretical sources and empirical data, the legal provision concerning the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards was studied and the case‐law invoking the Arbitration Act 2001 discussed.

The finding of this research is to present the new framework of arbitration law in Bangladesh which came into force 10 April 2001 and discuss the legislative provision in the face of increasing foreign investment in Bangladesh in various sector.

The principal objectives were to study the general context of the arbitration mechanism in international commercial disputes.

The rationale for arbitration in international commercial disputes and the imperatives for resorting to arbitration as a tool for alternative dispute resolution are discussed.

This paper is an attempt to analyze how a foreign arbitral award is enforceable in Bangladesh and to what extent the recent legal development is effective in resolving international commercial disputes.

The paper faces artificial intelligence issues in the venture creation process, exploring how artificial intelligence solutions intervene and forge the venture creation process. Drawing on the most recent literature on artificial intelligence and entrepreneurship, the authors propose a set of theoretical propositions.

The authors adopt a multiple case approach to assess propositions and analyse 4 case studies from which the authors provide (1) more detailed observation about entrepreneurial process phases influenced by artificial intelligence solutions and (2) more details about mechanics enabled by artificial intelligence.

The analysis demonstrates artificial intelligence contributes alongside the entrepreneurial process, enabling mechanisms that reduce costs or resources, generate new organizational processes but simultaneously expand the network needed for venture creation.

The paper adopts a deductive approach analyzing the contribution of AI-based startup offerings in changing the entrepreneurial process. Thus, the paper provides a practical view of the potentiality of artificial intelligence in enabling entrepreneurial processes through the analysis of compelling propositions and the technological ability of artificial intelligence solutions.