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In the recent two decades, a model of the labor market formed in Russia; it differs from the model that is peculiar for most developed countries. Its specific feature consists in the fact that adaptation to the fluctuations of the economic situation takes place by means of changes in the labor price, not by means of changes in employment and unemployment.

Such model ensures high and stable level of employment and low level of unemployment with significant pro-cyclic fluctuations of wages. Changes that take place in the sphere of employment of population in labor markets and gradual implementation of collection of information in view of the forms of labor activities into the practices of different countries led to the necessity for reconsidering the previously adopted international standards.

This is due to the fact that the normative documents present the treatment of unemployment without the criterion “job search,” and new indicators of measuring potential labor force and incomplete employment were adopted. The authors analyze the situation of labor underutilization, which is important for characterizing a region of the Russian Federation by the indicator of unmet need for employment.

The offered information could be used for wider monitoring of the labor market, studying the volume and tendencies in the sphere of unemployment, evaluating the problems of integration in the labor market, studying the connection between employment and poverty and forecasting the tendencies.

The purpose of the chapter is to study possible approaches to determining the notion “business system” and to describe possible optimization models of decision-making in modern business systems from the position of these approaches.

The methodology of the research includes systemic analysis, discrete event approach in simulation modeling, modeling of complex hierarchical system on the basis of turning criteria into a generalized indicator with the help of functional Kolmogorov mean, and mathematical tools of the Theory of games.

The authors study possible variants of modeling of business systems from the position of various approaches: commercial, practice-oriented, and organizational. Within the commercial approach to defining the notion “business system,” the discrete event approach to simulation modeling on the basis of Markov chains was compiled. A model of starting a certain new commodity in sales was compiled for determining the long-term strategy in the market. Within the practice-oriented approach, evaluation of effectiveness of personal as a component of business system is modeled. Within the organizational approach, two competing companies are modeled on the basis of the positional game.

Finding the optimization model of decision-making in modern business systems is impossible without of the system approach – that is, without considering possible definitions of the term “business system” and compiling the corresponding models. Only the systemic approach will allow for objective and comprehensive modeling of behavior of business systems. The offered methodologies will allow modeling evaluation of the current state of business system, changes of the system in dynamics, and its relations with other business systems.

The purpose of the chapter is to study the possibility of applying modern intellectual methods and technologies of decision-making for managing complex poorly structured systems.

The methodology of the chapter includes fuzzy cognitive approach, analysis of causal connections, dynamic modeling with application of the impulse processes tools, sustainability analysis of the studied system, and scenarios analysis.

The authors offer fuzzy cognitive approach to modeling the risk management system of commercial Bank POS-loaning processes. The simulated system is represented as a fuzzy-oriented weighted multigraph with a pulse action transmitted through it. The modeling process is implemented in the form of successive execution of the following stages: determining the goal, formation of fuzzy cognitive map, dynamic modeling with application of impulse processes tools, and scenarios analysis of development situation and selection the best.

The developed model of management system is a basis for analyzing the tendencies of various situations development that appear during work of banks in the express loaning segment. It allows forecasting and modeling the strategies of behavior as a reaction to external influences and to determine trajectories of management that allow reducing the internal risks of commercial Bank POS-loaning processes. Fuzzy cognitive approach is an effective tool for decision support during risk management in activities of a commercial bank and could be used for modeling and analysis of functioning and other poorly structured socioeconomic systems.

The purpose of this chapter is to verify the hypothesis on the influence of the model of information product promotion as the main element of information economy on duration of its lifecycle.

The chapter includes theoretical foundations of implementation of information economy, the model of information product promotion in the market, and recommendations for optimization of the model of information economy. The methodology of this chapter includes such methods of scientific research as problem and logical analysis, correlation and comparative analysis, synthesis and formalization, and application of the Theory of Games in description of the model of information product promotion.

The authors consider the process of informatization of society from the economic point of view. The conclusions are made regarding the difficulties during transition from industrial to information economy. Positive and negative aspects of implementation of information economy are determined. The model of information economy is described, and recommendations for its optimization are given. Connection between low expenditures for innovations and oil price fluctuations, peculiar for the countries that export oil and natural gas, is shown. Also, the model of information product promotion in the market is given. The sense of the model is to consider the lifecycle of the product in the Theory of Games.

The performed research contributed to the development of the concept of establishment of information society and information economy as the next post-industrial stage of society’s development.