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Major cardiotonics are now widely used in reviving patients and we are concerned with shock following cardiac surgery. It is, however, difficult to use the most efficient of them, e.g. isoprenalin, with required accuracy regarding its effects. We describe a model which simulates the haemodynamic response to variable doses of cardiotonics. Firstly, one has to identify the parameters of this model and to test it on experimental data. Then one has to use the resulting model in the frame of optimal control of time‐dependent systems in order to determine some doses nearest the optimum.

It has been generally assumed that, although there may be material costs to the entire world which result from any attempt to eliminate global poverty through development, the only costs associated with the continued existence of poverty are human ones, costs which are borne primarily by the poor themselves. This article is a review of the literature on development and resource use; its primary purpose is to investigate the extent to which analysts have tested this assumption—that is, the extent to which they have addressed the issue of the material costs engendered by the perpetuation of global poverty. Its conclusion is that no systematic analysis of this assumption has been conducted. However, there is a recognition of the resource costs of global poverty implicit in much of the literature on development and on resource use, and there is sufficient evidence to indicate that more detailed study of the relationship is warranted, since it is clear that the continued acceptance of global poverty entails significant costs for every member of the global community.