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Article
Publication date: 1 August 2001

153

Abstract

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Microelectronics International, vol. 18 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1356-5362

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Article
Publication date: 1 August 2002

A. Cordery, N. Kilbey and N. Suthiwongsunthorn

The present paper discusses the development of a test methodology for evaluation of the electrical performance of flip‐chip devices. A dedicated test chip was designed for this…

287

Abstract

The present paper discusses the development of a test methodology for evaluation of the electrical performance of flip‐chip devices. A dedicated test chip was designed for this experiment. The test structure contains passive and active semiconductor devices manufactured using CMOS technology. Bond pads were designed to facilitate bumping. A Printed Circuit Board (PCB) housing the flipped devices was also designed for easy access to the individual devices. A test set‐up for measuring the structures was developed and key device parameters to monitor the electrical performance of the structures were identified.The results show that the proposed test structure is a suitable tool for determining the electrical parameters of flip‐chip devices. The experimental set‐up is universal and can be adapted to suit different custom‐designed flip‐chip test structures. In addition, the developed test set‐up is computer controlled and allows easy adaptation to different measurement techniques and devices.

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Microelectronics International, vol. 19 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1356-5362

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Article
Publication date: 1 February 1919

The Imperial Commercial Association has been formed under the presidency of LORD INCHCAPE for the attainment of objects which must commend themselves to all sane and patriotic…

14

Abstract

The Imperial Commercial Association has been formed under the presidency of LORD INCHCAPE for the attainment of objects which must commend themselves to all sane and patriotic people. We consider it to be a duty to call attention to the formation of the Association and to insist on the importance of giving it all possible support. The, reasons for its formation and the objects in view are ably and clearly set forth in a pamphlet sent to us by the Director, THE HON. F. M. B. FISHER, as follows :—

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British Food Journal, vol. 21 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0007-070X

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Article
Publication date: 1 February 1999

Kevin Lucas and Barbara Lloyd

Adults use food, alcohol, and drugs, including cigarettes, to alter their mood states. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that adolescents follow a similar course. This paper…

2704

Abstract

Adults use food, alcohol, and drugs, including cigarettes, to alter their mood states. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that adolescents follow a similar course. This paper explores adolescents’ use of cigarettes to moderate negative emotions. The authors examine questionnaire and qualitative data from a longitudinal study of over 3,500 East Sussex secondary school pupils in the context of published accounts of stress, coping and smoking. Together, these studies raise the possibility that smokers perceive more stress in their lives and use different coping strategies from non‐smokers. Results indicate that despite the popular belief that adolescent girls experience greater stress than do teenage boys, the gender differences in smoking prevalence observed in recent years cannot be attributed directly to differences either in perceived stress, or in coping strategies. Finally, beliefs about smoking and weight control are explored in the context of young adolescents’ views about their bodies. The widely held assumption that teenage girls use cigarettes to control body weight is challenged.

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Health Education, vol. 99 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0965-4283

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Article
Publication date: 8 July 2021

Nobuntu Sibisi and Anoosha Makka

The purpose of this paper is to understand the financial challenges experienced by non-profit organisations (NPOs) when implementing corporate social responsibility (CSR…

680

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand the financial challenges experienced by non-profit organisations (NPOs) when implementing corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in South Africa. These challenges have a negative impact on NPOs because they impede the successful implementation of CSR projects.

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative research method and a purposive sampling strategy were used in this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 employees from three NPOs in South Africa from the education, enterprise development and health and social development sectors. Content analysis was used to examine the data.

Findings

The findings revealed that NPOs in South Africa experience serious financial resource challenges, notably, overreliance on donor funding; difficulty in obtaining donor funding; limited donor funding available; intense competition from other non NPOs to secure donor funding; donors unwilling to fund operational costs and prescribing exactly how funds should be used; and donors signing non-binding contracts on the provision of funding.

Research limitations/implications

The sample size of the study was small, namely, three NPOs from Gauteng Province (Johannesburg) in South Africa. Therefore, this study covered only one geographic area of South Africa and the findings cannot be generalised across other provinces of the country.

Practical implications

The results of this study could have implications for donors and NPO employees involved in CSR activities in South Africa.

Originality/value

This study bridges a gap in literature by revealing the key financial challenges experienced by South African NPOs in implementing CSR initiatives and the impact of those challenges on their CSR efforts.

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Article
Publication date: 26 August 2014

Christos Kouimtsidis, Daniel Stahl, Robert West and Colin Drummond

The purpose of this paper is to review the substance misuse literature on how outcome expectancies are measured, how they are related with the level of use and other factors as…

355

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to review the substance misuse literature on how outcome expectancies are measured, how they are related with the level of use and other factors as well as their role into treatment and recovery.

Design/methodology/approach

A narrative review of the literature for all major substances of abuse was undertaken.

Findings

Existing measurement tools are substance specific. Most research has been in the field of alcohol, and involved students or light and moderate drinkers. Positive expectancies have been found to be related to initiation and level of alcohol, nicotine and cannabis use and also to be modifiable with repeated cue exposure. Negative expectancies have been found to be associated with prevention of smoking, positive changes in drinking and positive effect on treatment outcome for alcohol.

Research limitations/implications

Both positive and negative outcome expectancies have been found to predict development of substance misuse and recovery from it respectively, but cross-substance comparisons are hindered by lack of appropriate measures.

Originality/value

The concept of outcome expectancies is present in several theories of addiction. To date there has been no comprehensive review of the extent to which different types of expectancy play a role in different substances and their treatment.

Details

Drugs and Alcohol Today, vol. 14 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1745-9265

Keywords

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Book part
Publication date: 7 July 2022

Matthew Bennett and Emma Goodall

Literature about autistic females remains scant despite the amount of research about the autism spectrum substantially increasing over the previous decade. This chapter begins…

Abstract

Literature about autistic females remains scant despite the amount of research about the autism spectrum substantially increasing over the previous decade. This chapter begins with an examination of the discrepancies between research about autistic males and females. It then examines three reasons why autistic females have rarely been researched, followed by some of the main topics that have been researched about autistic females. This chapter concludes with several suggestions for the creation of research about autistic females.

The original contribution that this chapter makes to the field of autism spectrum research is to explain the lack of research about autistic females. This objective is accomplished by presenting a synthesis of the literature about some of the barriers that prevent females from being diagnosed as autistic.

Details

Addressing Underserved Populations in Autism Spectrum Research
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-80382-463-5

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Article
Publication date: 1 April 1978

Elisabeth Davis

This survey covers 1977–78 and presents a brief overview of some of the publications that have had, and will continue to have, impact on biology. Excluded are: 1) applied areas…

295

Abstract

This survey covers 1977–78 and presents a brief overview of some of the publications that have had, and will continue to have, impact on biology. Excluded are: 1) applied areas such as agriculture, medicine, and veterinary medicine; and 2) botany. The botanical reference literature has been voluminous as usual during this period and deserves an individual review which will appear in a later issue of RSR.

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Reference Services Review, vol. 6 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0090-7324

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Article
Publication date: 27 February 2024

Rebecca Day, Luke Simmons, Elizabeth Shade, Jo Jennison, Clare S. Allely and Raja A.S. Mukherjee

Recent research has proposed a specific female phenotype within autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It suggests females exhibit differences in social communication styles with higher…

155

Abstract

Purpose

Recent research has proposed a specific female phenotype within autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It suggests females exhibit differences in social communication styles with higher levels of camouflaging and compensatory strategies, as well as variance in restrictive repetitive behaviours (RRBs); however, many existing studies have been based on either small, disproportionate or child and adolescent samples, leaving questions about the specific phenotype. This study aims to explore the sex difference and phenotype in a clinic sample of individuals diagnosed with autism.

Design/methodology/approach

A service evaluation of sex/ gender differences on 150 historical ASD assessment reports (75 males, 75 females) using a 103-item questionnaire developed from a quantitative review of existing literature was undertaken.

Findings

Females camouflaged more significantly than males in five different areas (thinking how to act next, preparing conversation in advance, making lists of prompts/social responses, wearing a mask/acting, less monotone voice); however, these were not maintained in post-analysis correction.

Originality/value

This study points the evidence towards a different phenotype of Autism that is more common in women than men rather than a unique female phenotype.

Details

Advances in Autism, vol. 10 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2056-3868

Keywords

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Book part
Publication date: 30 December 2004

Jon J. Fallesen and Stanley M. Halpin

Pew and Mavor (1998) called for an integrative representation of human behavior for use in models of individual combatants and organizations. Models with integrated representation…

Abstract

Pew and Mavor (1998) called for an integrative representation of human behavior for use in models of individual combatants and organizations. Models with integrated representation of behavior have only been achieved at rudimentary levels according to those performing the studies (e.g. Pew & Mavor, 1998; Tulving, 2002) and those building the models (e.g. Warwick et al., 2002). This chapter will address aspects of cognitive performance that are important to incorporate into models of combat based on acceptance of theory, strength of empirical data, or for other reasons such as to bridge gaps where incomplete knowledge exists about cognitive behavior and performance. As a starting point, this chapter will assess which of Pew and Mavor’s recommendations are still appropriate as determined by a review of selected literature on cognition and its representation. We will also provide some review and extensions of key literature on cognition and modeling and suggest a way ahead to close the remaining gaps. Different aspects of cognition are described with recent findings, and most are followed by an example of how they have been represented in computer models or a discussion of challenges to their representation in modeling.

Details

The Science and Simulation of Human Performance
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-84950-296-2

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