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The purpose of this paper is to characterize pressure non‐uniformity in a wafer‐to‐wafer bond chamber using pressure sensitive paper.

Pressure non‐uniformity in a wafer‐to‐wafer bond chamber is characterized using pressure sensitive paper. The effect of poor pressure uniformity is discussed, and the non‐uniformity corrected for use in a eutectic Au/Sn based wafer‐to‐wafer bond.

Several types of under solder metallization were also investigated, with Nb/Au seed metal providing the best overall result with good solder compression, liquid proof seal and minimal solder spill‐out. Solder compression versus pressure applied was studied to achieve an excellent gap control (2‐3 μm) between the bonded substrates.

This paper shows that characterization of applied pressure measured directly at the substrate is an important aspect in the development of high yielding bond processes.

There exist a number of urgent problems in psychotherapy, social psychology and sociology which can be solved by means of special methods that would enable one to predict the probable behaviour of man in certain situations. This paper discusses one of these methods and gives a concise description of two heuristic personality models in the form of computer programs.

Managing differences is a difficult undertaking, especially considering the difficulties arising from the unconscious functions of our brains. Organisations should strive to counteract the potentially harmful effects of unconscious bias by implementing policies that support bias-aware management and decision-making. Although it is obvious that bias cannot be completely eliminated, there is enough data, as discussed in this work, to demonstrate that unconscious bias and stereotypes can be addressed and decreased with mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) to some extent. Mindfulness involves the process of bringing non-judgemental awareness to experience by striving for full attention in the present moment. In this context, including mindfulness practises into training programmes for equality, diversity, and inclusion may serve as an accelerator for recognising hidden biases, reducing stereotypes, eliminating discrimination, and encouraging cognitive changes. This chapter explains the ways in which MBIs can be used to promote cognitive changes and comprehend the automatic and unconscious nature of emotions and thoughts in order to remove barriers between all differences in the workplace.

Long afterglow Sr₂MgSi₂O₇ (SMS) phosphor was prepared by Douby's methods at high temperature and reductive atmosphere. The excitation and emission spectra of this phosphor showed that both had broad bands and that the main emission peak at 469 nm was due to 4f‐5d transitions of Eu⁺² and implied that the luminescence centres Eu⁺² occupied the Sr⁺² sites in the Sr₂MgSi₂O₇ host. The phosphor doped only with Eu ions did not demonstrate the long afterglow phenomenon, but when co‐doped with Dy⁺³ ions in the SMS matrix, significant long afterglow was observed.

The purpose of this study was to the low-temperature synthesis of cobalt-containing diopside pigments based on granulated blast furnace slag and to study the characteristics of the mineral formation processes, changes in the structure and colour indices.

Synthesis of cobalt-containing diopside pigments based was carried out by the directional formation of the mineralogical composition with the introduction of part of the components using granulated blast-furnace slag.

It has been established that the formation of the diopside phase in pigments containing blast-furnace slag as the main component proceeds at low temperatures (1,100°C–1,150 °C). The colour of diopside pigments is formed because of the isomorphic substitution of Si4+ ions for Al3+ ions and Mg2+ ions for Co2+ ions. It is expedient to add CoO in an amount of 0.9 mol (18 Wt.%) into the composition of diopside pigments based on blast-furnace slag to obtain defect-free violet glazes.

The developed diopside pigments enable obtaining of high-quality violet glazes for ceramics. The application of the obtained results can significantly reduce the consumption of traditional raw materials in the composition of silicate ceramic pigments, as well as reduce their firing temperature.

Calcium, magnesium and silicon oxides are the main components of blast-furnace slag. In addition, granulated blast furnace slag is mainly represented by the glassy phase, which determines its high activity during the firing process. These factors are prerequisites for using the blast-furnace slag as a valuable substitute for chemically pure or natural raw materials in silicate pigments and reducing their firing temperature.

The First International Congress on Documentation of Applied Chemistry‐was held at the Institut Français, London, S.W. 7 on 22–25 November 1955. It was organized by the Society of Chemical Industry at the request of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Some 300 persons attended, of whom about 100 were from overseas; these numbers included chemists and documentalists.

This study aims to propose an approach to assess the security of supply (SS) in a coal-fired electricity generation supply chain subject to public price regulation in Brazil. This study characterizes the Brazilian scenario of coal-fired electricity generation, which represents less than 3.5% of the energy sources.

Data from six mining companies that supply a coal plant were analyzed in a case study. The risks were characterized and objectively estimated through a synthetic multidimensional index. Structural changes in the earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and exploration indicator time series of coal companies (CC) were statistically detected.

Empirical evidence demonstrates that the supply chain has a low disruption risk (SS index equal to 0.74). However, when suppliers are individually analyzed, 48.64% of all coal shows moderated disruption risk, and 2.51% is under high risk. In addition, this study finds a drop in the financial results of CC related to public regulation of coal prices. This impacts the security of coal supply.

This study discusses the influence of legal and regulatory policy risks in a coal power generation supply chain and the implications of the SS index as a management tool.

A novel SS index is presented and empirically operationalized, and its dimensions – environmental, occupational, operational, economic-financial and supply capacity – are analyzed.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel computational method to evaluate damage accumulation in a solder joint of an electronic package, when exposed to operating temperature environment. A procedure to implement the method is suggested, and a discussion of the method and its possible applications is provided in the paper.

Methodologically, interpolated response surfaces based on specially designed finite element (FE) simulation runs, are employed to compute a damage metric at regular time intervals of an operating temperature profile. The developed method has been evaluated on a finite-element model of a lead-free PBGA256 package, and accumulated creep strain energy density has been chosen as damage metric.

The method has proven to be two orders of magnitude more computationally efficient compared to FE simulation. A general agreement within 3 percent has been found between the results predicted with the new method, and FE simulations when tested on a number of temperature profiles from an avionic application. The solder joint temperature ranges between +25 and +75°C.

The method can be implemented as part of reliability assessment of electronic packages in the design phase.

The method enables increased accuracy in thermal fatigue life prediction of solder joints. Combined with other failure mechanisms, it may contribute to the accuracy of reliability assessment of electronic packages.

The research aims to assess the Russian automobile market before and after the imposition of sanctions, analyze the positions of Chinese automobile brands in the Russian market, and assess trends and prospects for the development of China's presence in this segment. The authors use the statistical method and the method of comparative analysis to determine the position of Chinese automakers in the Russian automotive market. The research determines that most Western and Japanese brands left the Russian market due to the strengthening of sanctions in 2022. Due to problems in the supply of components and spare parts, most of the Russian automotive market was filled with Chinese automobile companies planning to expand their presence. This research examines the trend of the presence of Chinese automobile brands in the automotive industry of Russia. Under sanctions, the economy of the Russian Federation is forced to look for other opportunities to develop technology and production. The relevance of this topic is due to the significant role of the automotive industry in the economy of any country, as well as the importance of this industry for the employment of the able-bodied population. To achieve this goal, the authors formulated the tasks to assess the automotive market before and after the imposition of sanctions, to analyze the Chinese automotive market, and to assess the prospects for its development in Russia.