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This study aims to test the empirical Islamic bank customer loyalty model with the perspective of mosques as customers.

The type of research used is quantitative to collect data from mosque customers; 93 questionnaires were analyzed using partial least square-structural equation modeling.

This research found a significant relationship between service quality and perceived value, service quality and brand image, perceived value and customer satisfaction, brand image and customer loyalty and customer satisfaction with brand image.

First, this study only collects data from certain organizations or communities so that further research can develop the model by adding several other communities or organizations. Second, this research does not include several other important variables that influence customer loyalty, such as product innovation and company capabilities.

Islamic bank customer loyalty models have been widely explored from the perspective of individual customers only. This research offers new attributes that influence customer loyalty models in the context of organizations or communities, namely, mosques.

Refugees commonly face inequitable access to education in their host countries. The purpose of this study is to examine the related laws and policies on the right of education for refugees from the international perspective; to explore the issues from the Islamic perspective; and to analyse Malaysia’s response to the international conventions, specifically in its implementation of educational access and services.

This qualitative study uses an exploratory approach, reviewing materials such as books, journals, reports and newspaper articles to identify international conventions and Islamic perspectives on the rights to education for refugees. An analysis of Malaysia’s response to the rights to education for refugees was conducted to highlight the implementation of educational access and services for refugees in Malaysia.

This study reveals the existing rights and access to education for refugees from the international and Islamic perspectives. However, in Malaysia, there is a lack of a domestic legal framework governing refugees which limits access to basic human rights including education.

This study focuses on the rights and access to education.

The lack of adequate and quality access to education for refugees in host countries will likely increase illiteracy levels and subsequently trigger societal and financial strife in the long run. This research emphasizes the importance of developing an adequate framework and strategic plan of action for better access and services for refugee education in Malaysia.

A lack of research and engagement on the rights and access to education services may come at the expense of refugees. An adequate framework and strategic plan of action incorporating access to education services for refugees are necessary to support refugees in enhancing their quality of life and creating a safer environment reducing the possibility of exploitation, abuse or harm. This study may generate interest and create awareness of refugee education in Malaysia, especially among advocates and policymakers interested in such groups.

This study contributes to the discussion on the right and access to education for refugees from the international and Islamic perspectives, while also examining Malaysia’s response to its implementation. Refugees displaced to Malaysia have become a matter of concern that should be addressed by academic researchers, activists and official authorities. The findings demonstrate the urgency of developing an adequate framework and strategic plan of action to minimize disparities in education access among refugees. Further research is still needed, as very limited research has been conducted on this topic, particularly in developing countries like Malaysia.