The purpose of this paper is to argue that it is important to think strategically when managing a library.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to argue that it is important to think strategically when managing a library.
Design/methodology/approach
Discusses and gives examples to illustrate why one should manage strategically.
Findings
That a library administrator needs to think strategically, especially when managing the budget.
Practical implications
This is a very useful source of finding out the fundamentals of each of the basic kinds of budgeting systems. In addition, the article gives many references for finding out more about each of these methods.
Originality/value
Hopefully, this article will motivate librarians to create a strategy and to keep it in mind when managing, particularly when dealing with fiscal matters.
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Lionel Martellini and Branko Urošević
Executive compensation packages are often valued in an inconsistent manner: while employee stock options (ESOs) are typically valued ex‐ante, i.e., before uncertain ties are…
Abstract
Executive compensation packages are often valued in an inconsistent manner: while employee stock options (ESOs) are typically valued ex‐ante, i.e., before uncertain ties are resolved, cash bonuses are valued ex‐post, i.e., by discounting the realized cash grants. Such a lack of consistency can, potentially, distort empirical results. A related, yet mostly overlooked, problem is that when ex‐post valuation is used pay‐performance measures cannot be well defined. Consistent use of ex‐ante valuation for all components of a compensation package would simultaneously resolve both of these problems and provide a natural framework for the analysis of agency problems. In this paper, we perform ex‐ante valuation of cash bonus contracts as if the executive’s performance were measured by the company stock price, demonstrate how the shape of the bonus contract influences the executive’s attitude toward risk, and study the pay‐performance sensitiv ty of such contracts. We commence by demonstrating that a typical executive bonus contract with a linear incentive zone has a pay off structure equivalent to a portfolio of standard and binary European call options so that the ex‐ante contract value is given by the linear combination of Black and Scholes call and binary call prices, with the strike prices at the boundary points of the incentive zone. Assuming that a risk neutral executive can choose the level of stock price volatility by selecting a set of projects at origination, we show that bonus contract terms can dramatically affect the executive’s risk taking behavior and pay performance incentives. Our results are extended to bonus contracts with non‐linear incentive zones, and performance share contracts with vesting risk.
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Xiangyu Lu, Leyuan Zhang, Xingguo Feng, D. Chen and Yu Zuo
Aluminum tripolyphosphate was used as a corrosion inhibitor in a simulated concrete pore solution. For studies of the inhibition mechanism of aluminum tripolyphosphate on the…
Abstract
Purpose
Aluminum tripolyphosphate was used as a corrosion inhibitor in a simulated concrete pore solution. For studies of the inhibition mechanism of aluminum tripolyphosphate on the carbon steel, its influence on the pitting initiation on the carbon steel in a Cl− containing pore solution were investigated.
Design/methodology/approach
Potentiodynamic polarization curves, Mott–Schottky plots and potentiostatic polarization of the carbon steel in the pore solution with different content of aluminum tripolyphosphate were measured, as well as the optical micrographs of pitting on the carbon steel was observed.
Findings
The metastable pitting potential and the stable pitting potential increased, while the donor density and the flat band potential decreased with the concentration of aluminum tripolyphosphate in solution. Furthermore, the initiation of pitting was suppressed, as well as the transition from metastable to stable pitting was hindered by the aluminum tripolyphosphate. The scale parameter (a), in the extreme distribution of the maximum current peak, could be used to predict the transition from metastable to stable pitting.
Originality/value
The inhibition mechanism of aluminum tripolyphosphate on carbon steel in pore solution was revealed. It suppresses the initiation of pitting and hinders the transition from metastable to stable pitting. Furthermore, a parameter defined as the scale parameter (a) in the extreme distribution of the maximum current peak was introduced to predict the transition from metastable to stable pitting.
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Yanbing Tang, Shengnian Wang, Yunpu Xu and Jingxu Ni
This paper aims to study the influence of the addition of calcium nitrite on the passive films of rebar to reveal what causes calcium nitrite to further prolong the durability…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to study the influence of the addition of calcium nitrite on the passive films of rebar to reveal what causes calcium nitrite to further prolong the durability service life of the reinforced concrete structures.
Design/methodology/approach
A comprehensive experimental study of the passive films, such as components, surface morphologies, electric structure and compactness, was carried out in a saturated calcium hydroxide solution which is normally used to simulate concrete pore solution by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, Mott–Schottky and potentiostatic polarization, respectively.
Findings
The results showed that the passivation behavior of rebar has been changed dramatically by the addition of calcium nitrite. That is, the passive film formed in the solution with the addition of 10 g/L Ca(NO2)2 had less donor density (Nd), more positive plat potential, smoother surface and lower content of Fehydrox than that formed in the solution without Ca(NO2)2.
Originality/value
The study focuses on the passive films and provides a more clear cognition of the durability service life extension of the reinforced concrete structures caused by the addition of calcium nitrite.
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Keywords
Huizhong Zhang, Yu Zuo, Pengfei Ju, Jian Zhang, Xuhui Zhao, Yuming Tang and Xiaofeng Zhang
The purpose of this paper is to study the variations of composition and properties of the passive film on 316 L stainless steel surface in 80°C, 0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4 + 2 mg L-1 NaF…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study the variations of composition and properties of the passive film on 316 L stainless steel surface in 80°C, 0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4 + 2 mg L-1 NaF solution, is helpful to understand the mechanisms of corrosion resistancethe of plated Pd on 316 L ss.
Design/methodology/approach
The variations of composition and properties of the passive film on 316 L stainless steel surface in 80°C, 0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4 + 2 mg L-1 NaF solution after connected to Pd electrode were studied with methods of potential monitor, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) measurement.
Findings
By connecting to a Pd electrode, the potential of the SS sample increased from the active region to the passive region. By connecting to the Pd electrode, the contents of Cr, Cr(OH)3 and Fe3O4 in passive film increased obviously. With increased Pd/SS area ratio, the Cr(OH)3 content in passive film increased but the Fe3O4 content changed little. The results show that after connecting to Pd the corrosion resistance of the passive film on 316 L stainless steel increases obviously, which may be attributed to the more compact passive film because of higher Cr, Cr(OH)3 and Fe3O4 contents and less point defects in the film.
Originality/value
The effects and mechanism of Pd on passivation of SS was studied.
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Zimin Li, Zilong Zhu, Jianqiu Wang, Meng Wang, Ting Hou, Qinghua Li and Pei Yu
Two corrosion inhibitors for closed cooling water systems, nitrite-based and mixture of nitrite and molybdate corrosion inhibitor, are often compared to each other. This study…
Abstract
Purpose
Two corrosion inhibitors for closed cooling water systems, nitrite-based and mixture of nitrite and molybdate corrosion inhibitor, are often compared to each other. This study aims to optimize these two inhibitors in terms of concentration and pH for carbon steel protection, with insights into the double layer structure on surface and its impact on corrosion inhibition.
Design/methodology/approach
Electrochemical analysis including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic test are carried out for quick assessment of corrosion inhibition efficiency and optimization, which is confirmed by immersion test and microscopic analysis. The electronic properties of the surface film are analyzed through Mott–Schottky method which provides new insights into the inhibition mechanism and the role of each component in mixture inhibitor.
Findings
Mixture of nitrite and molybdate is shown to present higher inhibition efficiency, owning to the double layer structure. Nitrite alone can form a protective surface film, whereas molybdate leads to an n-type semiconductive film with lower donor density, hence giving rise to a better inhibition effect.
Research limitations/implications
Surface after inhibitor treatment has been carefully characterized to the microscopic scale, implying the effect of micro-structure, chemical composition and electronic properties on the corrosion resistance. Inorganic corrosion inhibitors can be tuned to provide higher efficiency by careful design of surface film structure and composition.
Originality/value
Almost every study on corrosion inhibitor applies such method for quick assessment of corrosion inhibition effect. Mott–Schottky test is one of electrochemical methods that reveals the electronic properties of the surface film. Previous works have studied the surface layer mainly through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This study provides another insight into the surface film treated by nitrite and molybdate through Mott–Schottky analysis, and relates this structure to the corrosion inhibition effect based on multiple analysis including electrochemistry, microscopic characterization, thermodynamics and interface chemistry.
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Guo Yi, Junhua Xu and Chuanbo Zheng
There are obvious differences in corrosion resistance of different 2205 welding joints with different ratios of austenite and ferrite, from the top to the bottom, the austenite…
Abstract
Purpose
There are obvious differences in corrosion resistance of different 2205 welding joints with different ratios of austenite and ferrite, from the top to the bottom, the austenite content decreased gradually while the ferrite increased. In each region of welded joint, the pitting resistance number of ferrite is higher than that of austenite; pitting corrosion is more likely to occur in austenite phase first on the top region of the weld and in the secondary phase precipitates on the other regions of the weld. The fluctuation of the ratio of austenite and ferrite has a great influence on performance of passive film in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution.
Design/methodology/approach
To study the corrosion behavior of welded joint, the samples were obtained by laser hybrid welding. Pitting corrosion was studied in different area of welded joint. The Mott–Schottky curves of welded joints were measured to study the passive film on the different welded joint area.
Findings
Due to the difference of heat input and the limit of filler depth of the wire, the microstructure of duplex stainless steel laser welding joint has obvious difference in the thickness direction. In addition, there will be harmful secondary phase (such as chromium nitride and σphase) precipitates in the lower part of the joint. For the welded joint, the corrosion resistance decreases with the increase in the difference of the microstructure. Pitting corrosion usually takes the two phases as the nucleation point and grows up. The surface of 2205 duplex stainless steel laser hybrid welding joint cannot form a complete passive film in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution, and the more the ratios of austenite and ferrite deviate from equilibrium position (50:50), the worse the performance of passive film is.
Originality/value
In this paper, the authors attempt to establish the correlation between the semiconductor electronic properties of passive film and the difference of microstructures and the component in a joint welded by laser hybrid welding. The effect of passive film on the corrosion resistance of the weld was further investigated.
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Chuanbo Zheng, Jiayan Huang and Gua Yi
This paper aims to study the effect of current density of hydrogen charging on the semiconductor properties and pitting initiation of 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) passivation…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to study the effect of current density of hydrogen charging on the semiconductor properties and pitting initiation of 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) passivation film.
Design/methodology/approach
In this work, the 2205 DSS is pre-hydrogenated and passivated. Then, the passivation film is tested by electrochemical impedance method, Mott–Schottky curve method and dynamic potential scanning method. The influences of hydrogen on the properties of the passivation film and the corrosion behavior of the matrix were studied by analyzing the curves obtained in the electrochemical test. The surface of the passivation film after pre-hydrogenation and anodic polarization was observed by using the ultra-depth three-dimensional microscopy and the scanning electron microscope. The integrity, density and corrosion morphology of the passivation film were studied and discussed.
Findings
With the increase of the hydrogen current density, the growth of the passivation film is hindered, the concentrations of donor and acceptor in the film are increased, the conductivity of the passivation film increases. In the anodic polarization, the dimensional passive current density increases with the increase of the hydrogen current density, and the pitting potential is reversed, the more likely the sample is pitting. In general, hydrogen hinders the formation of the passive film on duplex stainless steel, which increases the concentration of point defects in the passive film. Finally, the passive film is easy to crack and pitting.
Originality/value
The performance of passive film is an important condition to influence the corrosion behavior of stainless steel. However, little research has been done on the effects of hydrogen on the electrochemistry and pitting sensitivity of 2205 DSS passivation films. The effect of hydrogen on semiconductor properties and pitting initiation of 2205 DSS passivation film is needed to be investigated.
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Lupeng Liu, Senlin Li, Zhiming Gao, Hang Jia and Wenbin Hu
This paper aims to study the effect of chloride concentration on the properties of passive film formed on Q235 steel in simulated concrete pore solutions.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to study the effect of chloride concentration on the properties of passive film formed on Q235 steel in simulated concrete pore solutions.
Design/methodology/approach
Mott–Schottky analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to study the passive film of Q235 steel in simulated concrete pore solution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to analyze the composition of passive film on Q235 steel.
Findings
When the chloride concentration is below the chloride threshold value, open circuit potential (OCP) and Rct gradually increases and donor concentration (ND) remains unchanged with the increasing immersion time. When the chloride concentration exceeds chloride threshold value, OCP and Rct decreases after a temporary increase and ND increases. The linear region of the Mott–Schottky curve lost its linearity. The electrochemical process control step is changed from charge transfer control to oxygen diffusion control. As the chloride concentration increases, the FeO content in the passive film increases and the Fe2O3 content decreases. Chloride can destroy the outer layer of passive film and introduce impurities.
Originality/value
The effects of chloride and immersion time on the change process of passive films on Q235 steel in simulated concrete pore solution were studied using electrochemical methods. The mechanism of chloride destroying passive film was analyzed.
Details
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Roberto Pessoa de Queiroz Falcão, Michel Mott Machado, Eduardo Picanço Cruz and Caroline Shenaz Hossein
The purpose of this article is to investigate how social integration, immigrant networks and barriers to ventureing affect the entrepreneurial activities of Brazilians in Canada…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this article is to investigate how social integration, immigrant networks and barriers to ventureing affect the entrepreneurial activities of Brazilians in Canada, indicating how mixed embeddedness takes place in that context.
Design/methodology/approach
Data were collected in Toronto, through the application of a survey with 74 Brazilian entrepreneur respondents and 42 semi-structured interviews with selected subjects, thus representing a multi-method approach. The analysis included descriptive statistics from the survey data and a qualitative analysis of the trajectories and life stories of Brazilian immigrants.
Findings
Our sample comprises respondents with a high level of education and proficiency in English, coming predominantly from the southeast of Brazil, white, aged from 30 to 49. The majority of businesses are small and related to the service sector. The article contributes to the literature by discussing the elements related to mixed embeddedness, including the need for cultural adaptation and for the creation of networks as a crucial element for business venturing.
Research limitations/implications
The study focuses on entrepreneurs regardless of their businesses sector or formality/informality status. It could be used as an instrument to support Canadian public policies for welcoming Brazilians and for the Brazilian government to prevent the evasion of potential entrepreneurs.
Originality/value
The article contributes to the body of knowledge of immigrant entrepreneurship in Canada and of Brazilian entrepreneurship overseas. The results suggest factors that may be relevant to the expansion of their business, such as social networking, cultural embeddedness and adaptation of the products/services to a wider range of target customers.