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Article
Publication date: 21 March 2023

David A. Makin, Mary K. Stohr, Jacelyn Unger, Ethan Howell, Megan Parks, Dale Willits and Craig Hemmens

The paper examines “lessons learned” from the COVID-19 pandemic by capturing the organizational and operational experiences of police departments in the state of Washington across…

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Abstract

Purpose

The paper examines “lessons learned” from the COVID-19 pandemic by capturing the organizational and operational experiences of police departments in the state of Washington across two waves of survey administration. This study is among the first to document experiences at a state level, affording an opportunity to compare national results and allowing for documenting shifts between each wave.

Design/methodology/approach

This study draws from a state-specific replication of the IACP instrument fielded by Lum et al. (2020a) on the experiences of police departments working under COVID-19 and integrates specific questions from stakeholders in Washington. The survey was administered through Qualtrics, which was distributed by the Washington Association of Sheriffs and Police Chiefs (WASPC) 6 months into the pandemic and 18-months later.

Findings

Respondents reported operational and organizational reconfigurations including shifting to telecommuting for support staff and command staff, implementing online reporting forms for use by the public to report crimes and planning exercises for predicted budget reductions. While CDC and Washington Department of Health guidelines informed most of the respondents' policy, integrating that policy into the operational procedures demonstrated how quickly issues in staffing can transition from a challenge to a severe issue. Quarantining and staffing problems remained an issue across both waves, which were exasperated by staff turnover.

Research limitations/implications

The response rate and response completeness, particularly a drop in response for Wave 2, limit the ability to supply more precise estimates documenting the experiences of WA police departments. Relatedly, an inability to match Wave 1 to Wave 2 results inhabits a direct comparison of changes 12-months later. Second, the responses reflect those of the chief law enforcement officer (Chief of Police, Sheriff) or the person designated by the chief, which may not represent the experiences of front-line officers.

Practical implications

Reflecting on the lessons learned across each Wave, agencies shared adaptations implemented to better protect the health of staff and their communities to effectively manage future health emergencies. Most directly, they learned how to conduct some business remotely and the necessity to innovate. The most important lesson learned, and implication for policy is improving the resourcing and logistics to secure adequate health protections. The data also highlight a concern for clarity, consistency, and credibility in supplying information to police departments in pandemic and emergency situations.

Originality/value

This paper fulfils an identified need to enhance “lessons learned” for police response in pandemic and emergency situations. These data supply insight into the anticipated and lived experiences of agencies adapting to the pandemic in Washington State. The endogenous and exogenous shock that is COVID-19 altered how police departments interacted externally and internally resulting in operational and organizational reconfigurations.

Details

Policing: An International Journal, vol. 46 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1363-951X

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Publication date: 1 October 2008

Marvin L. Manheim

The field of transportation research, and the World Conferences on Transport Research Society (WCTRS), has an illustrious history. The challenge today is to look to the future in

Abstract

The field of transportation research, and the World Conferences on Transport Research Society (WCTRS), has an illustrious history. The challenge today is to look to the future in a deep and thoughtful way, to identify emerging issues and opportunities for practice and for research.

This chapter identifies several critical issues in transportation research. We then explore one issue in depth, the need to increase individual and collaborative effectiveness.

This issue points to the need for a new direction in transportation research. Historically, transportation research has focussed on two major thrusts. The analysis thrust has focussed on predicting the consequences of a given transportation plan, project, or service proposal. Associated “design” research has dealt with algorithmic and heuristic techniques for finding “good” plans or policies. The policy thrust has focussed on the organizational issues and processes around making decisions on and implementing transportation plans, projects, or services. This thrust includes public policy issues and approaches, market structures and regulatory processes, organization design issues, distributional consequences, environmental policy issues, and related areas.

Today, we see the need to add a third major thrust to the field of transportation — cognition and action:

  • to manage transportation services and enterprises better;

  • to use analysis more effectively to inform and influence decisions;

  • to use computer support more effectively in transportation organizations and enterprises.

to manage transportation services and enterprises better;

to use analysis more effectively to inform and influence decisions;

to use computer support more effectively in transportation organizations and enterprises.

Research in cognition and action examines how people think and act, and aims to develop aids to thinking and acting that result in significant improvements in peoples' behaviours and performance. Promising research directions draw on cognitive psychology and cognitive science, and especially empirical research on managerial cognition and problem-solving. We introduce the theory of cognitive informatics, describe some applications to transportation management, and discuss relevant software tools.

Details

Recent Developments in Transport Modelling
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-0-08-045119-0

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Article
Publication date: 1 May 2006

Andreas Langegger, Jürgen Palkoska and Roland Wagner

The World Wide Web has undergone a rapid transition from the originally static hypertext to an ubiquitous hypermedia system. Today, the Web is not only used as a basis for…

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Abstract

The World Wide Web has undergone a rapid transition from the originally static hypertext to an ubiquitous hypermedia system. Today, the Web is not only used as a basis for distributed applications (Web applications), moreover it serves as a generic architecture for autonomous applications and services. Many research work has been done regarding the modeling and engineering process of Web applications and various platforms, frameworks and development kits exist for the efficient implementation of such systems. Concerning the modeling process, many of the published concepts try to merge traditional hypermedia modeling with techniques from the software engineering domain. Unfortunately, those concepts which capture all facets of the Web’s architecture become rather bulky and are eventually not applicable for a model‐driven Web application development. Moreover, there is a need for frameworks which address both, the modeling process and the implementation task and allow a model driven, semi‐automatic engineering process using CASE tools. This paper outlines the DaVinci Web Engineering Framework which supports the modeling as well as the semi‐automated implementation of Web applications. The DaVinci Architectural Layer specifies a persistent, hierarchical GUI model and a generic interaction scheme. This allows the elimination of the hypermedia paradigm, which turned out to be rather practical when building Web applications.

Details

International Journal of Web Information Systems, vol. 2 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1744-0084

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Article
Publication date: 11 April 2016

Jeremiah J. Lynch and Stephen James Minton

In the century from 1868 to 1969, over 105,000 children were detained in industrial schools in Ireland, having been committed by the courts. The purpose of this paper is to…

276

Abstract

Purpose

In the century from 1868 to 1969, over 105,000 children were detained in industrial schools in Ireland, having been committed by the courts. The purpose of this paper is to examine, and offer suggestions regarding the contexts of the peer physical and sexual abuse and bullying that went on in the industrial schools.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper draws on the accounts of survivors, the results of research conducted by academics and journalists and recent reports compiled by legislative enquiries into industrial schools in Ireland, with particular reference being made to the the six industrial schools run by the Christian Brothers.

Findings

The specific parameters of how the industrial school system developed in Ireland rendered detainees powerless and voiceless, and these factors also facilitated the physical and sexual abuse of child and adolescent detainees by adults in this institutions. Serious instances of peer physical and sexual abuse also went on in these schools. It is argued that such patterns of peer abuse are best understood as occurring within the psychosocial contexts of primary adjustment, collaboration and re-enactment.

Practical/implications

It is suggested that the context of peer abuse in institutions is important for researchers and practitioners to attend to.

Originality/value

The realities of life in industrial schools in Ireland has been slow to emerge, due to the secrecy with which those institutions have been surrounded. Most accounts have focused on abuse at the hands of adults; this examines peer abuse in those institutions in context.

Details

Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, vol. 8 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1759-6599

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Article
Publication date: 14 November 2024

Ubais Parayil Iqbal, Sobhith Mathew Jose and Tilda Mary Daniel

This paper aims to examine the diverse levels of corporate social responsibility (CSR) expenditure among Indian companies and its influence on their performance. The study aims to…

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Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the diverse levels of corporate social responsibility (CSR) expenditure among Indian companies and its influence on their performance. The study aims to determine whether exceeding the mandatory CSR spending limit provides an edge to companies that outperform in enhancing corporate firm value.

Design/methodology/approach

A dynamic model using system generalized method of moments (GMM) was used to analyze a balanced panel data set of 191 firms over seven years, spanning from 2016 to 2022. Return on assets was used as a proxy to gauge financial performance. At the same time, the study also examined the robustness of the results by considering return on equity and Tobin’s Q as additional measures.

Findings

The study results indicate that, in a mandatory CSR setting, all companies are generally perceived as performing and reporting on CSR equally. Hence, it will not make any payoff, although few companies outperform. Therefore, companies should differentiate themselves regarding CSR spending and reporting to claim a competitive advantage in the market. The study also suggests that the payoff of mandatory CSR expenditure for both performing and outperforming companies is reflected more in non-quantifiable firm characteristics than in measurable performance metrics.

Research limitations/implications

The period of study covers 7 years, i.e. 2015–2016 to 2022–2023. This may limit capturing long-term CSR practices and firm performance trends. Additionally, data from only 191 Indian companies restrict generalizability; future research should include diverse geographic regions with mandated CSR spending to provide a more comprehensive view. In subsequent studies, contextual factors like regulatory changes and macroeconomic conditions could be considered moderating variables.

Practical implications

The study provides valuable insights to top management, indicating that spending beyond the threshold limit of mandatory CSR spending does not enhance corporate firm value. Instead, this additional investment may yield benefits in the form of goodwill and reputation over the long term.

Social implications

This study assists corporations in optimizing their CSR strategies to enhance their social and financial performance impact. Moreover, the study suggests ways to improve the CSR payoff and the need for increasing stakeholder satisfaction.

Originality/value

The study provides original insights into the relationship between mandatory CSR spending and firm performance in the Indian context, revealing that CSR spending does not significantly impact financial metrics, and it highlights the importance of considering a non-quantitative matrix to enhance the firm value in a mandatory CSR setting.

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Article
Publication date: 29 May 2024

Elena Mazurova and Willem Standaert

This study aims to uncover the constraints of automation and the affordances of augmentation related to implementing artificial intelligence (AI)-powered systems across different…

420

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to uncover the constraints of automation and the affordances of augmentation related to implementing artificial intelligence (AI)-powered systems across different task types: mechanical, thinking and feeling.

Design/methodology/approach

Qualitative study involving 45 interviews with various stakeholders in artistic gymnastics, for which AI-powered systems for the judging process are currently developed and tested. Stakeholders include judges, gymnasts, coaches and a technology vendor.

Findings

We identify perceived constraints of automation, such as too much mechanization, preciseness and inability of the system to evaluate artistry or to provide human interaction. Moreover, we find that the complexity and impreciseness of the rules prevent automation. In addition, we identify affordances of augmentation such as speedier, fault-less, more accurate and objective evaluation. Moreover, augmentation affords to provide an explanation, which in turn may decrease the number of decision disputes.

Research limitations/implications

While the unique context of our study is revealing, the generalizability of our specific findings still needs to be established. However, the approach of considering task types is readily applicable in other contexts.

Practical implications

Our research provides useful insights for organizations that consider implementing AI for evaluation in terms of possible constraints, risks and implications of automation for the organizational practices and human agents while suggesting augmented AI-human work as a more beneficial approach in the long term.

Originality/value

Our granular approach provides a novel point of view on AI implementation, as our findings challenge the notion of full automation of mechanical and partial automation of thinking tasks. Therefore, we put forward augmentation as the most viable AI implementation approach. In addition, we developed a rich understanding of the perception of various stakeholders with a similar institutional background, which responds to recent calls in socio-technical research.

Details

Information Technology & People, vol. 37 no. 7
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0959-3845

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Article
Publication date: 1 December 2004

Dmitri Roussinov and J. Leon Zhao

One of customer relationship management (CRM) activities involves soliciting customer feedback on product and service quality and the resolution of customer complaints…

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Abstract

One of customer relationship management (CRM) activities involves soliciting customer feedback on product and service quality and the resolution of customer complaints. Inevitably, companies must deal with large number of CRM messages from their customers either through e‐mails or from work logs. Going through those messages is an important but tedious task for managers or CRM specialists in order to make strategic plans on where to place the resources to achieve better CRM results. In this paper, we present a methodology for making sense out of CRM messages based on text clustering and summary techniques. The unique features of CRM messages are the short message length and frequent availability of correlated CRM ratings. We propose several novel techniques including organizational concept space, Web mining of similarity relationships between concepts, and correlated analysis of text and ratings. We have tested the basic concepts and techniques of CRM Sense Maker in a business setting where customer surveys are used to set strategic directions in customer services.

Details

Journal of Enterprise Information Management, vol. 17 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1741-0398

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