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The purpose of this paper is to develop three methods including artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC-ANN), regression and adaptive neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to predict the environmental indicators for land leveling and to analysis the sensitivity of these parameters.

This paper develops three methods including artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC-ANN), regression and adaptive neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to predict the environmental indicators for land leveling and to analysis the sensitivity of these parameters. So, several soil properties such as soil, cut/fill volume, soil compressibility factor, specific gravity, moisture content, slope, sand per cent and soil swelling index in energy consumption were investigated. A total of 90 samples were collected from three land areas with the selected grid size of (20 m × 20 m). Acquired data were used to develop accurate models for labor, energy (LE), fuel energy (FE), total machinery cost (TMC) and total machinery energy (TM).

By applying the three mentioned analyzing methods, the results of regression showed that, only three parameters of sand per cent, slope and soil, cut/fill volume had significant effects on energy consumption. All developed models (Regression, ANFIS and ABC-ANN) had satisfactory performance in predicting aforementioned parameters in various field conditions. The adaptive neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) has the most capability in prediction according to least RMSE and the highest R² value of 0.0143, 0.9990 for LE. The ABC-ANN has the most capability in prediction of the environmental and energy parameters with the least RMSE and the highest R² with the related values for TMC, FE and TME (0.0248, 0.9972), (0.0322, 0.9987) and (0.0161, 0.9994), respectively.

As land leveling with machines requires considerable amount of energy, optimizing energy consumption in land leveling operation is of a great importance. So, three approaches comprising: ABC-ANN, ANFIS as powerful and intensive methods and regression as a fast and simplex model have been tested and surveyed to predict the environmental indicators for land leveling and determine the best method. Hitherto, only a limited number of studies associated with energy consumption in land leveling have been done. In mentioned studies, energy was a function of the volume of excavation (cut/fill volume). Therefore, in this research, energy and cost of land leveling are functions of all the properties of the land including slope, coefficient of swelling, density of the soil, soil moisture, special weight and swelling index which will be thoroughly mentioned and discussed. In fact, predicting minimum cost of land leveling for field irrigation according to the field properties is the main goal of this research which is in direct relation with environment and weather pollution.

This work aims to determine the best linear model using an artificial neural network (ANN) with the imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA-ANN) and ANN to predict the energy consumption for land leveling.

Using ANN, integrating artificial neural network and imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA-ANN) and sensitivity analysis (SA) can lead to a noticeable improvement in the environment. In this research, effects of various soil properties such as embankment volume, soil compressibility factor, specific gravity, moisture content, slope, sand per cent and soil swelling index on energy consumption were investigated.

According to the results, 10-8-3-1, 10-8-2-5-1, 10-5-8-10-1 and 10-6-4-1 multilayer perceptron network structures were chosen as the best arrangements and were trained using the Levenberg–Marquardt method as the network training function. Sensitivity analysis revealed that only three variables, namely, density, soil compressibility factor and cut-fill volume (V), had the highest sensitivity on the output parameters, including labor energy, fuel energy, total machinery cost and total machinery energy. Based on the results, ICA-ANN had a better performance in the prediction of output parameters in comparison with conventional methods such as ANN or particle swarm optimization (PSO)-ANN. Statistical factors of root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R²) illustrate the superiority of ICA-ANN over other methods by values of about 0.02 and 0.99, respectively.

A limited number of research studies related to energy consumption in land leveling have been done on energy as a function of volume of excavation and embankment. However, in this research, energy and cost of land leveling are shown to be functions of all the properties of the land, including the slope, coefficient of swelling, density of the soil, soil moisture and special weight dirt. Therefore, the authors believe that this paper contains new and significant information adequate for justifying publication in an international journal.

This study aims to explore the impact of retail facilities’ (RF) characteristics on customers' spatial cognition and accessibility to products, which inherently affect the facility's performance. Namely, the ratios of the facilities’ dimensions and the shelving configurations are investigated.

The visual attributes of RF are used as the method of assessment, relying on the principles of the Space Syntax theories; several design alternatives of RF are generated which represent different characteristics and compared using computer software (Depthmap X). The perceived variance in performance sheds light on the influence of the investigated characteristics.

The results have pointed out that dimension ratios can affect the facilities’ performance, especially with the shelving configuration considered. Furthermore, certain shelving layouts are more advantageous compared to other layouts. Other design features have been concluded, shedding light on measures for optimizing performance.

Due to the endless number of possibilities of retail facility designs, the study has focused on simplified designs only, excluding intricate designs which can possibly offer an additional important perspective on design influences.

The findings benefit the RF sector by producing customer-centered designs through optimizing layouts and configurations, improving product visibility and enhancing accessibility. This potentially enhances costumers' experiences and promotes satisfaction, thus attracting more consumers and increasing sales.

Although the Space Syntax principles are long-established, their application to RF is novel. This is also true for the findings which can represent a guide for retail facility designs.