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This study aims to focuse on the flow behavior of a specific nanofluid composed of blood-based iron oxide nanoparticles, combined with motile gyrotactic microorganisms, in a ciliated channel with electroosmosis.

This study applies a powerful mathematical model to examine the combined impacts of bio convection and electrokinetic forces on nanofluid flow. The presence of cilia, which are described as wave-like motions on the channel walls, promotes fluid propulsion, which improves mixing and mass transport. The velocity and dispersion of nanoparticles and microbes are modified by the inclusion of electroosmosis, which is stimulated by an applied electric field. This adds a significant level of complexity.

To ascertain their impact on flow characteristics, important factors such as bio convection Rayleigh number, Grashoff number, Peclet number and Lewis number are varied. The results demonstrate that while the gyrotactic activity of microorganisms contributes to the stability and homogeneity of the nanofluid distribution, electroosmotic forces significantly enhance fluid mixing and nanoparticle dispersion. This thorough study clarifies how to take advantage of electroosmosis and bio convection in ciliated micro channels to optimize nanofluid-based biomedical applications, such as targeted drug administration and improved diagnostic processes.

First paper discussed “Numerical Computation of Cilia Transport of Prandtl Nanofluid (Blood-Fe₃O₄) Enhancing Convective Heat Transfer along Micro Organisms under Electroosmotic effects in Wavy Capillaries”.

This study aims to investigate the effect of environmental education (EE) on preservice teachers’ pro-environmental behavior.

A sequential mixed-method approach using both qualitative and quantitative research designs was adopted. The data were gathered from 42 preservice teachers enrolled in the MA Education program studying a subject, namely, EE. The pre- and post-experimental research design was used to carry out this study.

The findings of qualitative and quantitative data shows that EE has positive and significant effects on students–teachers’ pro-environmental behavior. A change in preservice teachers’ pro-environmental behavior was found after studying a course on EE. The study findings suggest the importance of standalone courses on EE and student-centered activities for developing students’ behavior toward the environment.

By emphasizing the importance of EE and integrating it into their curriculum or programs, educational institutions can foster a more sustainable future while enhancing their reputation as socially responsible entities. Furthermore, they can develop sustainability-focused policies and practices that positively impact both the environment and the community.

Educators and learning practitioners can also use the findings of this research to design and implement effective EE programs that can develop students’ pro-environmental behavior. They can create learning environments that encourage critical thinking, problem-solving and collaboration among students, thereby developing their ability to address environmental issues. Overall, this research highlights the importance of EE in shaping the behavior of future teachers and leaders.

This study expends the discussion on the effectiveness of EE on preservice teachers’ pro-environmental behavior for a sustainable future.