The purpose of this paper is to present estimates of the maximum potential import leakage effect (decrease in the multipliers) as a result of the U.K.'s joining the E.E.C. The…
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present estimates of the maximum potential import leakage effect (decrease in the multipliers) as a result of the U.K.'s joining the E.E.C. The 1970 U.K. input‐output model was used. As a first step the domestic input coefficient matrix was adjusted for changes in the relative price of domestic inputs under the assumption that all import duties on competitive imports from the E.E.C. were eliminated. Considerable variation in the ranking of each endogenous sector according to its leakage coefficient for output, income, and employment was found.
The creation and growth of economic integration as an area of economics is the result primarily of practical rather than academic interest. Although economic nationalism and…
Abstract
The creation and growth of economic integration as an area of economics is the result primarily of practical rather than academic interest. Although economic nationalism and antagonism still prevail as the basic form of world economic order, economic history presents us with specific examples and ambitious plans of economic co‐operation and integration. The example of the US is often cited as a classic case study in economic integration. Viner presented a detailed list of conventions, decrees, etc., concerning customs unions. The French Declaration of May 9, 1950, which led to the formation of the European Coal and Steel Community, manifested for the first time the willingness of a government to overcome old antagonisms and to adopt a programme for European integration. The Treaty of Rome and the establishment of the European Economic Community is another example of the trend towards economic integration among industrialised countries of the West, while COMECON is the primary integration attempt by various centrally planned economies of the Soviet bloc. With respect to less developed countries, the world has experienced a number of ambitious schemes such as the Latin America Free Trade Association, the Central American Common Market, the East African Community, the West African Association, the South African Customs Union, the Arab Common Market, the Southeast Asia Economic Treaty, the Andean Common Market, the Carribean Community and others.
This paper aims to examine whether the release of news about policy interventions by the troika [European Union (EU)/the European Central Bank (ECB)/International Monetary Fund…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to examine whether the release of news about policy interventions by the troika [European Union (EU)/the European Central Bank (ECB)/International Monetary Fund (IMF)] in the crisis-affected EU countries (Cyprus, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain) and whether the policy responses of these countries’ governments had impacts on the return and risk of stocks in the financial and real-economy sectors of these countries.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper uses a broad set of news announcements concerning the troika authorities’ policy interventions and the policy responses of the affected Eurozone states’ governments. To test for the risk and return effects of these announcements during the crisis period, a set of regression equations is estimated under a difference-in-difference approach using intercept and slope dummy variables for news releases from troika authorities and from the national governments of the six EU countries. This enables unraveling the effects of the crisis (first difference) and the effects of news announcements (second difference).
Findings
The results indicate that the involvement of the troika managed to reverse some of the unfavourable market effects of the crisis. Moreover, the policy response of national governments was found to have stronger favourable effects in the markets of the affected countries implying that investors likely waited for the response of the national governments before they reacted to the policy actions of the troika. The simultaneous release of news from the troika and from national governments had adverse effects on the returns and risk of the firms in the real economy sectors, suggesting that cross-news announcements conveyed negative information in the markets.
Originality/value
The paper provides evidence on the effects of policy-related news announcements on the development of the recent sovereign debt crisis in Europe. This issue is highly important, as it can reveal the effectiveness of the IMF’s and EU authorities’ policy interventions in affected Eurozone member states during the first major crisis in Europe since the monetary union.
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Sanjay Gupta, Anchal Arora, Simarjeet Singh and Jinesh Jain
In the present era, artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming and redefining the lifestyles of society through its applications, such as chatbots. Chatbot has shown tremendous…
Abstract
Purpose
In the present era, artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming and redefining the lifestyles of society through its applications, such as chatbots. Chatbot has shown tremendous growth and has been used in almost every field. The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the factors that influence millennial’s technology acceptance of chatbots.
Design/methodology/approach
For the present research, data were collected from 432 respondents (millennials) from Punjab. A fuzzy analytical hierarchy process was used to prioritize the factors influencing millennials’ technology acceptance of chatbots. The key factors considered for the study were information, entertainment, media appeal, social presence and perceived privacy risk
Findings
The findings of the study revealed media appeal as the top-ranked prioritized factor influencing millennial technology acceptance of chatbots. In contrast, perceived privacy risk appeared as the least important factor. Ranking of the global weights reveals that I3 and I2 are the two most important sub-criteria.
Research limitations/implications
Data were gathered from the millennial population of Punjab, and only a few factors that influence the technology acceptance of chatbots were considered for analysis which has been considered as a limitation of this study.
Practical implications
The findings of this study will provide valuable insights about consumer behaviour to the business firm, and it will help them to make competitive strategies accordingly.
Originality/value
Existing literature has investigated the factors influencing millennials’ technology acceptance of chatbots. At the same time, this study has used the multi-criteria decision-making technique to deliver valuable insights for marketers, practitioners and academicians about the drivers of millennials’ technology acceptance regarding chatbots which will add value to the prevailing knowledge base.
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This paper seeks to understand the processes of setting accounting standards in a developing country in transition, namely Egypt. It explores the social, political as well as…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper seeks to understand the processes of setting accounting standards in a developing country in transition, namely Egypt. It explores the social, political as well as economic forces that underlie the development of financial accounting regulations implemented throughout two longitudinal periods; starting with the beginning of socialism and extending to liberalism.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper is based on in‐depth interviews and an analysis of documents. It relies on the institutional theory notions of coercive, mimic and normative isomorphic mechanisms to link the changes in the financial accounting regulations to the changes in the wider social and institutional context wherein organizations operate, while, at the same time, exploring the legitimation processes underlying the development of domestic accounting standards similar to the International Accounting Standards (IASs).
Findings
The paper finds that the major changes in the state's political philosophy, the regulators' motivations and the processes of the accountancy profession provided a momentum to the formulation of Egyptian Accounting Standards (EAS). Though similar to IASs, they were acted upon to overcome the pre‐existing socialist accounting practices, while, at same time, increasing organizational members' adherence to the processes of privatization.
Research limitations/implications
Although the empirical findings suggest that “globalization forces” through technical as well as financial assistance programmes created pressures during the standard‐setting processes, a full investigation and explanation of such pressures are an area of future research.
Originality/value
The paper contributes to the understanding of how IASs are diffused in a country in transition and the role of these standards during that country's transformation processes towards the market economy.
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Ting Liu and Minghao Liu
Research to date has yet to reach a consensus regarding the role of cross-channel consistency in omni-channel retailing. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the impact of…
Abstract
Purpose
Research to date has yet to reach a consensus regarding the role of cross-channel consistency in omni-channel retailing. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the impact of cross-channel consistency on brand trust and loyalty by differentiating four dimensions of consistency (i.e. product, service, price and promotion consistency) and exploring the moderating roles of showrooming and webrooming motivation in these relationships.
Design/methodology/approach
A survey method is used to collect data. A total of 550 valid responses were obtained from multi-channel apparel brands' customers. Hypotheses were tested by employing structural equation modeling and hierarchical multiple regression analysis.
Findings
The results indicate that product and service consistency positively influence brand loyalty via brand trust, whereas price and promotion consistency do not. Furthermore, showrooming motivation negatively moderates the effects of service, price and promotion consistency on brand trust, while webrooming motivation positively moderates the effects of product, price and promotion consistency on brand trust.
Originality/value
This study contributes to the omni-channel retailing literature by examining the effects of different dimensions of cross-channel consistency and the moderating roles of showrooming and webrooming motivation to unravel the contradictions of previous studies. It reveals both the beneficial and dark sides of cross-channel consistency. It also extends the knowledge of brand building and cross-channel behavior in omni-channel retailing.
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Lahcen El Moutaouakil, Zaki Zrikem and Abdelhalim Abdelbaki
This work is devoted to the numerical analysis of laminar natural convection in two-dimensional vertical cavities, filled with air and of high aspect ratios. One of the sidewalls…
Abstract
Purpose
This work is devoted to the numerical analysis of laminar natural convection in two-dimensional vertical cavities, filled with air and of high aspect ratios. One of the sidewalls is cooled isothermally while the other is heated by a uniform or linear heat flux whose average is located at mid-height of the wall. The paper aims to discuss these issues.
Design/methodology/approach
The governing equations are discretized by the finite volume method and solved, in transient regime, by using the SIMPLE algorithm.
Findings
The flow structure, air temperature field, local convective heat flux on the cold wall, variation of the temperature along the heated wall as well as its average and its maximum are analyzed for various combinations of the controlling parameters. These parameters are the linear heat flux slope γ (γ=0, 1 and −1, for a uniform, increasing and decreasing heat flux, respectively), the average Rayleigh number Ra m (103Ra m3×104) and the aspect ratio A (10A80). It was found that for a given A and Ra m, the highest (lowest) mean temperature of the hot wall is obtained when the linear heating is descending (ascending). While the maximum temperature increases with the three controlling parameters.
Practical implications
Accurate correlations which allow calculating the average and maximum temperatures of the heated wall are developed for each type of heating. Also, an empirical relationship for the position of the maximum temperature is provided for γ=−1.
Originality/value
Despite its fundamental and practical interest, natural convection in cavities with 10A80 and submitted to non-uniform heat flux was not examined before. Development of original correlations.
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Keywords
Companies are increasingly benefiting from artificial intelligence (AI) applications in various domains, but also facing its negative impacts. The challenge lies in the lack of…
Abstract
Purpose
Companies are increasingly benefiting from artificial intelligence (AI) applications in various domains, but also facing its negative impacts. The challenge lies in the lack of clear governance mechanisms for AI. While documentation is a key governance tool, standard software engineering practices are inadequate for AI. Practitioners are unsure about how to document AI, raising questions about the effectiveness of current documentation guidelines. This review examines whether AI documentation guidelines meet regulatory and industry needs for AI applications and suggests directions for future research.
Design/methodology/approach
A structured literature review was conducted. In total, 38 papers from top journals and conferences in the fields of medicine and information systems as well as journals focused on fair, accountable and transparent AI were reviewed.
Findings
This literature review contributes to the literature by investigating the extent to which current documentation guidelines can meet the documentation requirements for AI applications from regulatory bodies and industry practitioners and by presenting avenues for future research. This paper finds contemporary documentation guidelines inadequate in meeting regulators’ and professionals’' expectations. This paper concludes with three recommended avenues for future research.
Originality/value
This paper benefits from the insights from comprehensive and up-to-date sources on the documentation of AI applications.
Details
Keywords
Lahcen El Moutaouakil, Zaki Zrikem and Abdelhalim Abdelbaki
A detailed numerical study is conducted on the effect of surface radiation on laminar natural convection in a tall vertical cavity filled with air. The cavity is heated and…
Abstract
Purpose
A detailed numerical study is conducted on the effect of surface radiation on laminar natural convection in a tall vertical cavity filled with air. The cavity is heated and cooled, through its two vertical walls, by a linear or uniform heat flux q(y) and by a constant cold temperature, respectively. The horizontal walls are considered adiabatic. The paper aims to discuss these issues.
Design/methodology/approach
The radiosity method is employed to calculate the net radiative heat exchanges between elementary surfaces, while the finite volume method is implemented to resolve the governing equations of the fluid flow.
Findings
For each heat flux q(y) (ascending, descending or uniform), the effect of the emissivity ε (0ε1) on the local, average and maximum temperatures of the heated wall is determined as a function of the average Rayleigh number Ram (103Ram6×104) and the cavity aspect ratio A (10A80). The effect of the coupling on the flow structures, convective and radiative heat transfers is also presented and analyzed. Overall, it is shown that surface radiation significantly reduces the local and average temperatures of the heated wall and therefore reduces the convective heat transfer between the active walls.
Practical implications
The studied configuration is of practical interest in several areas where overheating must be avoided. For this purpose, a simple design tool is developed to estimate the mean and the maximum temperatures of the hot wall in different operating conditions (Ram, A et ε).
Originality/value
The originality lies in the study of the interaction between surface radiation and natural convection in tall cavities submitted to a non-uniform heat flux and a constant cold temperature on the active walls. Also, the development of an original simplified calculation procedure for the hot wall temperatures.
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Keywords
Naseem Ahmad, Fahad, Mehfooz Zaki, Zafar Alam and Mohd Khalid
The organic food market is gaining momentum in advanced and developing economies. This study aims to unfold the determinants explicitly associated with consumers and organic food…
Abstract
Purpose
The organic food market is gaining momentum in advanced and developing economies. This study aims to unfold the determinants explicitly associated with consumers and organic food products (OFPs) that influence consumers’ attitudes and purchase intentions in a developing economy.
Design/methodology/approach
The stimulus–organism–response (SOR) is modified to examine the reasons behind the consumers’ purchase intentions of OFPs. Consumer-specific and product-specific stimuli are considered to find their influence on the orgasmic state of the consumers in the form of attitude and, finally, their purchase intentions in the form of response. A simple random sampling procedure was used during January and February 2024 to obtain the study-related responses from the participants from six major cities in India. Three hundred eighty-two questionnaires were deemed suitable for the study after excluding any outliers and incomplete responses from the completed survey. After screening and validating the collected data in IBM SPSS statistics 23, Amos version 23.0 was used to analyze the study’s hypotheses.
Findings
The findings showed that consumers’ specific stimuli, such as environmental concern, health consciousness and food safety concerns, positively motivate consumers’ attitudes. Also, product-specific stimuli such as nutritional content and awareness of OFPs positively affect the attitude of the consumers. Surprisingly, price fairness is revealed to have no substantial impact on the consumers’ attitudes. Finally, it is revealed that the consumers’ attitude positively impacts their purchase intentions of OFPs.
Practical implications
The study’s findings will assist OFP marketing professionals in comprehending the significant impact of consumer-specific and product-specific aspects of the products in shaping consumers’ attitude towards OFPs. The research discoveries are expected to offer valuable insights to aid decision makers in marketing OFPs to consumers in developing economies like India.
Originality/value
The present work has uniquely modified the SOR model by considering the consumer-specific and product-specific aspects of OFPs and empirically validated that both aspects are significant in shaping consumer attitudes, especially in developing economies like India.
Objetivo
El mercado de alimentos orgánicos está ganando impulso en economías avanzadas y en desarrollo. El presente trabajo busca desentrañar los determinantes explícitamente asociados con los consumidores y los productos alimenticios orgánicos que influyen en las actitudes e intenciones de compra de los consumidores en una economía en desarrollo.
Diseño/metodología/enfoque/Metodología
Se modificó el modelo de estímulo-organismo-respuesta (SOR, por sus siglas en inglés) para examinar las razones detrás de las intenciones de compra de productos alimenticios orgánicos. Se consideraron estímulos específicos del consumidor y del producto para analizar su influencia en el estado orgánico de los consumidores en forma de actitud y, finalmente, sus intenciones de compra como respuesta. Durante enero y febrero de 2024, se utilizó un procedimiento de muestreo aleatorio simple para obtener respuestas relacionadas con el estudio de participantes en seis ciudades principales de India. Trescientos ochenta y dos (382) cuestionarios fueron considerados adecuados para el estudio después de excluir valores atípicos y respuestas incompletas. Tras depurar y validar los datos recopilados en IBM SPSS Statistics 23, se utilizó Amos versión 23.0 para analizar las hipótesis del estudio.
Resultados
Los resultados mostraron que los estímulos específicos del consumidor, como la preocupación por el medio ambiente, la conciencia sobre la salud y las preocupaciones sobre la seguridad alimentaria, motivan positivamente las actitudes de los consumidores. Asimismo, los estímulos específicos del producto, como el contenido nutricional y la conciencia sobre los productos alimenticios orgánicos, afectan positivamente la actitud de los consumidores. Sorprendentemente, se reveló que la equidad en los precios no tiene un impacto sustancial en las actitudes de los consumidores. Finalmente, se evidenció que la actitud de los consumidores influye positivamente en sus intenciones de compra de productos alimenticios orgánicos.
Implicaciones prácticas
Los hallazgos del estudio ayudarán a los profesionales del marketing de productos alimenticios orgánicos a comprender el impacto significativo de los aspectos específicos del consumidor y del producto en la formación de actitudes hacia los productos orgánicos. Los resultados se esperan que ofrezcan información valiosa para ayudar a los responsables de la toma de decisiones en el marketing de alimentos orgánicos a consumidores en economías en desarrollo como India.
Originalidad/valor/Originalidad/valor
El presente trabajo ha modificado de manera única el modelo SOR considerando los aspectos específicos del consumidor y del producto de los alimentos orgánicos, y ha validado empíricamente que ambos aspectos son significativos para dar forma a las actitudes de los consumidores, especialmente en economías en desarrollo como India.
研究目的
随着有机食品市场在发达经济体和发展中经济体中持续增长, 本研究旨在深入探讨消费者及有机食品相关因素对消费者态度与购买意愿的影响, 尤其是在发展中经济体背景下的作用机制。
研究设计/方法
本研究对刺激-有机体-反应(Stimulus–Organism–Response, SOR)模型进行了修正, 以分析消费者购买有机食品的意愿形成机制。研究分别考察了消费者特定刺激和产品特定刺激对消费者心理状态(即态度)的影响, 并进一步探究态度对消费者购买意愿的作用。本研究采用简单随机抽样法, 于2024年1月至2月期间, 在印度六个主要城市收集调查数据。最终, 共回收并筛选出有效问卷382份, 剔除异常值及不完整数据后, 利用IBM SPSS Statistics 23进行数据筛选和验证, 并采用Amos 23.0进行假设检验和数据分析。
研究结果
研究结果表明, 消费者特定刺激(如环境关注、健康意识和食品安全关注)对消费者态度具有显著的正向影响。同时, 产品特定刺激(如营养成分和有机食品认知)也对消费者态度产生积极作用。然而, 研究发现价格公平性对消费者态度并无显著影响。此外, 研究进一步验证了消费者态度对其有机食品购买意愿具有正向影响。
实践意义
本研究结果可为有机食品市场营销人员提供重要的实践指导, 有助于理解消费者特定因素和产品特定因素在塑造消费者对有机食品态度方面的关键作用。此外, 本研究的发现可为发展中经济体(如印度)市场决策者提供有价值的洞见, 以优化有机食品营销策略, 提高消费者接受度。
原创性/价值
本研究在现有SOR模型的基础上进行了独特的修正, 综合考虑了消费者特定因素和产品特定因素, 并通过实证研究验证了这两类因素在塑造消费者态度方面的重要性, 尤其是在印度等发展中经济体中的适用性。
Details
Keywords
- Organic food products
- Environmental concern
- Health consciousness
- Food safety concern
- SOR model
- Consumer marketing
- Productos alimenticios orgánicos
- Preocupación ambiental
- Conciencia sobre la salud
- Preocupación por la seguridad alimentaria
- Modelo SOR
- Marketing del consumidor
- 有机食品
- 环境关注
- 健康意识
- 食品安全关注
- Sor模型
- 消费者营销