V. Cherian, S.K. Srivastava and M.V. Katarki
This paper seeks to determine the causes and mechanism of failure of stainless steel piping in a sulphur recovery unit of a gas‐processing plant and to recommend suitable measures…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper seeks to determine the causes and mechanism of failure of stainless steel piping in a sulphur recovery unit of a gas‐processing plant and to recommend suitable measures to avoid recurrences.
Design/methodology/approach
The integrity of the material of construction was verified using various laboratory and analytical techniques. Standard metallographic techniques were used to prepare representative samples obtained from failed stainless steel piping for metallurgical evaluation. Microstructural characterization was carried out in an inverted metallurgical microscope equipped with an imaging facility. Elemental analysis and hardness were used to confirm the identification of the material. Corrosion product/deposits were analyzed using wet chemistry supported by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Microbes were enumerated through standard methods.
Findings
The piping failed due to severe pitting corrosion, which resulted in the formation of holes. Microbial‐induced corrosion (MIC) and under‐deposit corrosion were chief contributing factors that caused the failure in stainless steel piping. In addition, the HAZ near welds at some places was found to be sensitized causing accelerated pitting corrosion at these sites.
Practical implications
The expected service life of stainless steel piping could not be realized as the piping failed due to the combined effect of MIC and under‐deposit corrosion. Periodic monitoring of sulphate‐reducing bacteria and sulphur‐oxidizing bacteria coupled with implementation of an effective biocide treatment programme in process fluid was recommended, together with the introduction of a procedure for frequent cleaning of the pipe walls to minimize under‐deposit attack.
Originality/value
The paper – a technical case study of process industry – provides an account of failure investigation. It identifies the causes and mechanism of failure and suggests suitable preventive and corrective measures. This is useful industrial experience that provides valuable information for process and plant corrosion engineers involved in the operation of this type of equipment.
Jian Wang, Xinyi Zhang, Min Du, Xueyan Shan and Zhiyu Tian
The purpose of this study is to provide ideas and theoretical guidance for green, environmentally friendly and efficient “bacteriostasis with bacteria” technology.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to provide ideas and theoretical guidance for green, environmentally friendly and efficient “bacteriostasis with bacteria” technology.
Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, a beneficial strain of bacteria was extracted and purified from marine mud. Weight-loss test, morphological observation and electrochemical test were used to systematically study the effect of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)-induced corrosion inhibition on X65 steel in simulated offshore oil field production water.
Findings
The results showed that a beneficial strain was selected and identified as Vibrio alginolyticus. Under the condition of co-culture of SRB, the average corrosion rate of X65 steel was significantly reduced. In the mixed bacterial system, the surface of X65 steel samples was relatively flat, and the structure of biofilm and corrosion product film was dense. The number of corrosion pits, the average diameter and depth of corrosion pits were significantly reduced. The localized corrosion of X65 steel was significantly inhibited.
Originality/value
The complex and changing marine environment makes the corrosion problem of marine steel increasingly severe, and the microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) caused by SRB is particularly serious. The research and development of environmentally friendly corrosion protection technology is a long-term and difficult problem. The use of beneficial microorganisms to control MIC is a green and efficient anticorrosion measure. Compared with terrestrial microorganisms, marine microorganisms can adapt to complex environments, and their metabolites exhibit special biological activities. The use of marine beneficial bacteria can inhibit SRB activity to achieve the corrosion inhibition effect.
Details
Keywords
Introduction: As Internet usage increases, so does widespread concern about surveillance and privacy. While most of the research primarily focuses on a particular digital setting…
Abstract
Introduction: As Internet usage increases, so does widespread concern about surveillance and privacy. While most of the research primarily focuses on a particular digital setting, these problems cut beyond national boundaries and impact economies everywhere.
Purpose: This study critically analyses the Data Protection Bill 2019’s effectiveness within the context of surveillance and privacy in India’s digital economy. Investigating critical provisions of the bill, comparing it to international privacy laws and standards, and identifying potential gaps and weaknesses, this study provides insights into the bill’s ability to protect personal data and limit surveillance practices.
Methodology: The chapter is based on secondary sources of data, including academic articles, government reports, and news articles on the topics of surveillance, privacy, and the Data Protection Bill 2019 in India, involving content and critical discourse analyses.
Findings: The Data Protection Bill 2019 evaluation reveals a set of provisions with the overarching intent to safeguard citizens’ privacy worldwide and curtail undue surveillance practices exercised by both governmental bodies and private enterprises. Intricately delineates the entitlements of individuals concerning their data, encompassing vital aspects such as the right to access, rectify, and erase their data, the bill mandates stringent adherence to the principle of explicit consent when collecting and processing personal data.
Nevertheless, a comprehensive analysis also reveals several gaps and constraints inherent in the bill’s framework. One such area is the inclusion of exemptions for governmental entities, an aspect that raises international concerns regarding potential disparities in data protection practices.