Nils‐Erik Aaby and Stanley F. Slater
During the last decade a substantial number of empirical researchstudies on export performance have been conducted. This article reviews55 of these studies, summarises the…
Abstract
During the last decade a substantial number of empirical research studies on export performance have been conducted. This article reviews 55 of these studies, summarises the findings according to a “strategic export model”, synthesises current knowledge, and suggests directions for future export research activities.
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Huub J. M. Ruël and Robin Visser
In a globalized world where emerging markets are more important than ever, there is an increasing pressure on international businesses and governments to work together. The set of…
Abstract
Purpose
In a globalized world where emerging markets are more important than ever, there is an increasing pressure on international businesses and governments to work together. The set of facilities known as commercial diplomacy combines the interests of both by highlighting new markets and investment opportunities.
Methodology/approach
In this chapter, we present a literature review based on 56 relevant publications to assess what we currently know of this important activity.
Findings
The results indicate that research on commercial diplomacy consists of many subtopics, resulting in a patchy understanding of the topic as a whole.
Research limitations/implications
We discuss why integrative research focusing on the business–government relationship and the organization and the value of commercial diplomacy are needed from an international business perspective.
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Debt‐equity swaps are currently very popular instruments to reducedebt obligations by developing countries. American trading companies cannow be formed with equity participation…
Abstract
Debt‐equity swaps are currently very popular instruments to reduce debt obligations by developing countries. American trading companies can now be formed with equity participation of US banks and can be exempt from routine anti‐trust legislation as a result of recent legislation. This article suggests that debt‐equity swaps can prove to be a powerful tool for enhancing the formation of new American trading companies and, in the case of existing ones, add to their ability to establish a presence in foreign markets.
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Focuses on the relationship between managerialattitudes towardsexporting and exporting behaviour. A basic premiss is that the widelyheld assumption of a positive relationship…
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Focuses on the relationship between managerialattitudes towards exporting and exporting behaviour. A basic premiss is that the widely held assumption of a positive relationship between managerial attitudes and behaviour in exporting does not hold true in all circumstances, implying that in some cases a negative or no relationship between attitude and behaviour in exporting can be expected. Survey responses from a sample of manufacturing firms in Illinois support the basic premiss herein. Furthermore, the magnitude of attitude‐behaviour discrepancy among industrial firms was estimated to be sizeable among non‐exporting firms. Concludes with research, managerial, and policy implications of these findings.
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The extent of national export volume attributable to the small firm sector within the UK does not compare favourably with that of certain other European countries/ particularly…
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The extent of national export volume attributable to the small firm sector within the UK does not compare favourably with that of certain other European countries/ particularly Germany and Italy. In an attempt to enhance the export competitiveness of this firm sector recent policy, research and management attention has been devoted to influences underlying export development. This article contributes to this knowledge by reviewing extensive research studies that have reported on one aspect of this topic: the international orientation of the decision maker within the small firm.
This chapter explores the strategic motives behind the decision of hotels to internationalize. It approaches the subject from the perspective of the soft-service sector and aims…
Abstract
This chapter explores the strategic motives behind the decision of hotels to internationalize. It approaches the subject from the perspective of the soft-service sector and aims to develop an understanding of this phenomenon. The literature covers several different factors that stimulate the decision to expand operations abroad. The process requires a trigger that will initiate the process and control the assignment until completion. Eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with international hotel chains to develop an understanding of the process. The findings reveal factors that can be distinguished between proactive and reactive and also be categorized under the four major motives behind internationalization: seeking natural resources, markets, efficiency and strategic assets or capabilities. The international strategy of hotel chains provides a roadmap for expansion and often acts as a trigger. The findings also reveal the significant role of vice presidents (VPs) of international development, development directors, agents and networks in initiating the process of internationalization and stimulating the chains towards specific parts of the world. One of the main differences between manufacturing and soft services is the wide variety of entry modes that are at the disposal of services. The findings are consistent with the literature published and provide an insight into the initial steps towards internationalization by hotel chains, in the post-COVID era.
Research question: What are the strategic motives behind the decision of hotels to internationalize?
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Ralph C. Hook and Michael R. Czinkota
Export activity has become an issue of national importance with exports from the Pacific region increasing dramatically over the past ten years. Within the Pacific region, Hawaii…
Abstract
Export activity has become an issue of national importance with exports from the Pacific region increasing dramatically over the past ten years. Within the Pacific region, Hawaii is of particular interest for US trade development purposes. This article investigates export activities and prospects of Hawaiian firms in order to obtain a better understanding of international trade.
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This article focuses on the relevant demographics, attitudes,behaviours, and concerns of small‐medium sized exporting andnon‐exporting firms in Singapore in an attempt to…
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This article focuses on the relevant demographics, attitudes, behaviours, and concerns of small‐medium sized exporting and non‐exporting firms in Singapore in an attempt to determine whether measures can be developed to nurture non‐exporters into exporters. The findings suggest that while basic differences in demographics exist between the two groups, the attitudinal and behavioural differences are acquired. Therefore, programmes may be developed to nurture non‐exporting firms to be export‐oriented.
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A.N. Hakam, Geok Theng Lau and Shong Boon Kong
This is an attempt to apply the stages of internationalization model to investigate the export behavior of firms in Singapore. The study has identified existing exporters or…
Abstract
This is an attempt to apply the stages of internationalization model to investigate the export behavior of firms in Singapore. The study has identified existing exporters or pre‐exporters by stage of development in which they belong. The factors that distinguish one stage from another were investigated and our findings show that there are statistically significant differences that differentiate one stage from another. On the basis of these differences, we conclude that there are public policy implications and therefore we make recommendations that firms be classified by the stage of their internationalization and that appropriate aid packages be made for firms by the stage of their international development.