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Article
Publication date: 1 April 1995

B.P. Leonard, A.P. Lock and M.K. Macvean

The NIRVANA project is concerned with the development of anonoscillatory, integrally reconstructed,volume‐averaged numerical advectionscheme. The conservative, flux‐based…

179

Abstract

The NIRVANA project is concerned with the development of a nonoscillatory, integrally reconstructed, volume‐averaged numerical advection scheme. The conservative, flux‐based finite‐volume algorithm is built on an explicit, single‐step, forward‐in‐time update of the cell‐average variable, without restrictions on the size of the time‐step. There are similarities with semi‐Lagrangian schemes; a major difference is the introduction of a discrete integral variable, guaranteeing conservation. The crucial step is the interpolation of this variable, which is used in the calculation of the fluxes; the (analytic) derivative of the interpolant then gives sub‐cell behaviour of the advected variable. In this paper, basic principles are described, using the simplest possible conditions: pure one‐dimensional advection at constant velocity on a uniform grid. Piecewise Nth‐degree polynomial interpolation of the discrete integral variable leads to an Nth‐order advection scheme, in both space and time. Nonoscillatory results correspond to convexity preservation in the integrated variable, leading naturally to a large‐Δt generalisation of the universal limited. More restrictive TVD constraints are also extended to large Δt. Automatic compressive enhancement of step‐like profiles can be achieved without exciting “stair‐casing”. One‐dimensional simulations are shown for a number of different interpolations. In particular, convexity‐limited cubic‐spline and higher‐order polynomial schemes give very sharp, nonoscillatory results at any Courant number, without clipping of extrema. Some practical generalisations are briefly discussed.

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International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, vol. 5 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0961-5539

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Article
Publication date: 1 July 1996

V. PENNATI, M. MARELLI and L.M. DE BIASE

In this paper new cubic v‐splines monotonic one‐dimensional profiles are presented, for the finite volume solution of convection‐diffusion problems. By studying the profile in…

48

Abstract

In this paper new cubic v‐splines monotonic one‐dimensional profiles are presented, for the finite volume solution of convection‐diffusion problems. By studying the profile in normalized variables, some weight functions have been determined for the profile. Being free of the requirement that the volumes be equal, the volume size can be reduced where needed. Numerical properties of the proposed method were formally analysed and are confirmed by numerical examples included here.

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International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, vol. 6 no. 7
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0961-5539

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Article
Publication date: 1 December 1997

W.H. Sheu, Shi‐Min Lee and M.T. Wang

Deals with the non‐stationary pure convection equation in two dimensions. An attribute of the method is that the advective fluxes are approximated by taking the flow orientations…

526

Abstract

Deals with the non‐stationary pure convection equation in two dimensions. An attribute of the method is that the advective fluxes are approximated by taking the flow orientations into consideration. The interfacial numerical fluxes are interpolated by virtue of the rational areas which depend on the corner velocity vectors. This leads to a discrete system containing dissipative artifacts in regions normal to the local streamline. Conducts two‐dimensional fundamental studies for the flux discretization developed. These analyses give insight into the order‐of‐accuracy, and the scheme stability. According to the underlying positivity definition, this explicit scheme is, furthermore, classified as conditionally monotonic. This scheme has been applied successfully to solve smooth, sharply varied, and discontinuous transport problems.

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International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, vol. 7 no. 8
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0961-5539

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Article
Publication date: 1 April 2008

Bernard Gallagher

Media reports suggest that cases of child sexual abuse involving an international dimension or the internet are extensive, but are being dealt with effectively. This article…

1296

Abstract

Media reports suggest that cases of child sexual abuse involving an international dimension or the internet are extensive, but are being dealt with effectively. This article argues, to the contrary, that known cases are generally quite rare but tend to be serious and are being met with an inadequate policy and practice response.

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Safer Communities, vol. 7 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1757-8043

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Article
Publication date: 11 December 2019

Dale C. Spencer, Rosemary Ricciardelli, Dale Ballucci and Kevin Walby

Digital evidence is now infused in many (or arguably most) cases of sexual assault, which has refigured investigative tools, policing strategies and sources of cynicism for those…

658

Abstract

Purpose

Digital evidence is now infused in many (or arguably most) cases of sexual assault, which has refigured investigative tools, policing strategies and sources of cynicism for those working in sex crime units. Although cynicism, both its sources and affects, is widely studied among scholars of work and policing, little is known about how police working in sex crime units experience, mitigate and express cynicism. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap in understanding and explore the role of cynicism amongst investigators working in sex crime units.

Design/methodology/approach

To address this research gap, the authors conducted 70 semi-structured in-depth interviews and two focus groups with members of police services organizations across Canada working in sex crime units.

Findings

Examining sources of cynicism and emotional experiences, the authors reveal that officers in these units normalize and neutralize organizational and intra-organizational sources of cynicism, and cope with the potentially traumatizing and emotionally draining realities of undertaking this form of “dirty work.” The authors show that officer cynicism extends beyond offenders into organizational and operational aspects of their occupations and their lived experiences outside of work, which has implications for literature on police work, cynicism and digital policing.

Originality/value

The authors contribute to the literature on cyber policing by, first, examining sex crimes unit member’s sources of cynicism in relation to sex crimes and the digital world and, second, by exploring sources of cynicism in police organizations and other branches in the criminal justice system. The authors examine how such cynicism seeps into relationships outside of the occupation. The authors’ contribution is in showing that cynicism related to police dirty work is experienced in relation to “front” and “back” regions (Dick, 2005) but also in multiple organizational and social spheres. The authors contribute to the extant literature on dirty work insofar as it addresses the underexplored dirty work associated with policing cyber environments and the morally tainted elements of such policing tasks.

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Policing: An International Journal, vol. 43 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1363-951X

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Article
Publication date: 1 July 1913

THE method of conducting some of the Library Association professional examinations at provincial centres this year has given rise to a certain degree of adverse comment. We have…

15

Abstract

THE method of conducting some of the Library Association professional examinations at provincial centres this year has given rise to a certain degree of adverse comment. We have received a letter from the National Union of Clerks, signed Mr. Herbert H. Elvin, the General Secretary, in which it is stated that “If it is intended that the Library Association examination should take a place amongst the recognised professional examinations some enquiry should be made as to the methods adopted in the various local centres for the supervision of the candidates.” After giving some particulars, the letter proceeds: “If examinations are to be held, would it not be better to abolish local centres altogether, and hold the examination in London, where all candidates might be sure of receiving the same treatment?” At the Annual Meeting of the Library Assistants' Association at Nottingham the other day, numerous complaints of a similar nature were made, of which particulars are given in the current Library Assistant. No doubt special local circumstances affected the administration of the examinations to a considerable extent, but even making allowances for this, there seems to be plenty of room for reform and improvement.

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New Library World, vol. 16 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0307-4803

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Article
Publication date: 1 July 1917

In these notes at the beginning of our last volume we expressed the hope that its conclusion would see at least the approach of peace. That hope has not been fulfilled, and only…

32

Abstract

In these notes at the beginning of our last volume we expressed the hope that its conclusion would see at least the approach of peace. That hope has not been fulfilled, and only an unreasoning optimist could say that at present the cessation of hostilities is anywhere in sight. The year has been marked by success and tragedy; tragedy in the losses we have sustained of some of the leading young men of the profession who have died in all parts of the world for the Flag; success in the fact that the moral of the nation has grown rather than diminished, that the Empire is more determined than ever to secure a world in which free men may live, that the course of events have proven to our American brethren that our cause is and has been just. As librarians we share in all the feelings created by these facts. Perhaps the most significant social fact of the year has been the gradual awakening of the people to educational opportunities, and the need of them. There has been a wave of interest in things intellectual, from the utilitarian point of view mainly. The need of meeting German after‐the‐war competition is frankly the impetus to interest in education among many public men; but there are educationists with somewhat higher views whose voices are receiving attention; and, it is obvious, alas, that there were never so many cranks in full volubility as now. Whatever may be the causes of the new interest, it is undoubtedly the duty of librarians and library organizations to take full advantage of that interest to press the claims of libraries to a public hearing. How that is to be done is the business (theoretically) of the Library Association to determine, and we understand that of late it is devoting attention to the problem.

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New Library World, vol. 20 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0307-4803

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Article
Publication date: 1 January 2009

John Grieve

Drawing on his personal experience as a police officer and a range of literature, the author applies Caulkins' and Reuter's paper in this edition to the UK experience. In…

234

Abstract

Drawing on his personal experience as a police officer and a range of literature, the author applies Caulkins' and Reuter's paper in this edition to the UK experience. In particular he draws on the work of Goldstein, which places drug‐related crime into three categories: psychopharmacological, economic‐compulsive and systemic.

Details

Safer Communities, vol. 8 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1757-8043

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Article
Publication date: 5 August 2024

Bruno Correia da Silva, José Gilvan Rodrigues Maia and Windson Viana de Carvalho

In ubiquitous games, sensor data and the player’s dynamic profile personalize the experience, adapting scenarios and difficulty to the player’s context. However, manually creating…

58

Abstract

Purpose

In ubiquitous games, sensor data and the player’s dynamic profile personalize the experience, adapting scenarios and difficulty to the player’s context. However, manually creating custom virtual environments becomes impractical due to the scalability required in the real world, where gameplay depends on the player’s environment and various points of interest. Procedural content generation (PCG) naturally emerges as an automated solution. This study aims to review the state of the art among pervasive games that use procedural generation techniques.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors performed a systematic review of the literature on PCG techniques in ubiquitous games. The research methodology included initial database searches, forward snowballing and backward snowballing.

Findings

The authors selected 40 articles published from 2008 to 2022 after analyzing 1,017 PCG articles. Many of these paper use dynamic difficulty generation methods that affect game customization, balance and playability. The majority of titles are in the area of education and require rigorous evaluation. Some articles mention the use of PCG but provide limited details of algorithms or processes.

Research limitations/implications

The low presence of recent articles stands out, which can lead to two conclusions: poor use of indexing of articles in the area or low amount of research over these years. One of the search bases did not enter due to the number of keywords used.

Practical implications

The paper is a guide for researchers in the area of pervasive games who are interested in using PCG techniques in their games.

Originality/value

This approach revealed articles combining PCG and ubiquitous games, with no previous systematic reviews at this intersection.

Details

International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications, vol. 20 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1742-7371

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Article
Publication date: 16 March 2015

Annelies De Schrijver and Jeroen Maesschalck

Police officers are frequently confronted with moral dilemmas in the course of their job. The authors assume new police officers need guidance, and need to be taught at the police…

2561

Abstract

Purpose

Police officers are frequently confronted with moral dilemmas in the course of their job. The authors assume new police officers need guidance, and need to be taught at the police academy how to deal with these situations. The purpose of this paper is to obtain insight into the impact of socialization on police recruits’ knowledge of the code of ethics and their moral reasoning skills.

Design/methodology/approach

The study applied a longitudinal mixed methods design, using two methods. The first method was a qualitative observation of integrity training sessions at five police academies in Belgium. The second method was a quantitative survey-measurement of recruits’ knowledge of the code of ethics and their moral reasoning skills at three points in time: the beginning of their theoretical training, before their field training and afterwards.

Findings

The analyses show differences between the police academies in their integrity training sessions. Some of these differences are reflected in different levels of knowledge of the code of ethics. As for the development pattern of recruits’ moral reasoning skills, the study found almost no differences between the academies. Perhaps this is because recruits already have relatively high scores when they start, leaving little room for improvement during the one year training program. This suggests an important role of the police selection procedure.

Originality/value

Previous research on socialization and police culture has focussed on recruits being socialized in a negative police culture where misconduct is learned. This is a negative interpretation of police integrity. A positive one refers to ethical decision making generally, and moral reasoning specifically. The impact of the socialization process on recruits’ moral reasoning is empirically understudied.

Details

Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, vol. 38 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1363-951X

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