Tucker S. McGrimmon and Lisa M. Dilks
The purpose is to theorize and empirically estimate the impact of the gendered nature of the offender-victim dyad and crime type on time to arrest.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose is to theorize and empirically estimate the impact of the gendered nature of the offender-victim dyad and crime type on time to arrest.
Methodology/Approach
Predictions regarding the impact of gendered offender-victim dyads and crime type on time to arrest are constructed by extending role congruity theory and tested using data from the FBI's National Incident-Based Reporting System across five crime types using dyadic-based event history methods.
Findings
The authors find strong empirical support that role expectations derived from the gender composition of offender-victim dyads and the masculinity of the crime type affect time to clearance.
Originality/Value
This research is the first to theorize and empirically test the relative impact of role congruency and the relational nature of the offender-victim dyad in the adjudication process. Furthermore, the research shows that the construction of “normal crime” can be enhanced by applying a gendered and relational approach, based on social psychological theory, which is predictive of crime clearance.
Research limitations/Implications
Future research is required to validate the results for crimes where law enforcement has less discretion and are feminine typed.
Social Implications
The results imply that by accounting for the expectations generated by gender roles when applied to offender-victim dyads a casual mechanism is established that better organizes previously inconsistent results with respect to the impact of gender on time to clearance. Thus, the authors' utilization of role congruity theory of gender provides a more consistent explanation for inequalities in time to clearance that may be fruitful for evaluating other steps in the adjudication process.
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J.M. Jones, J.B. Monsey and J. Payne
Quality specifications Egg products, which are used extensively in the baking and confectionery industries, are pasteurised to kill any food‐poisoning salmonellas that may be…
Abstract
Quality specifications Egg products, which are used extensively in the baking and confectionery industries, are pasteurised to kill any food‐poisoning salmonellas that may be present. In the UK there is a statutory requirement to pasteurise whole eggs for at least 2.5 min at a temperature not lower than 64.4°C. There is no statutory requirement for the pasteurisation of egg albumen (egg white), but treatment for the same period at a temperature not lower than 57.2°C is common practice.
As more and more longitudinal data become available, researchers turn toward dynamic tools that better utilize these data to contribute to the understanding of postsecondary…
Abstract
As more and more longitudinal data become available, researchers turn toward dynamic tools that better utilize these data to contribute to the understanding of postsecondary education. Event history analysis (EHA) is one such approach, and its ability to study change over time has lent itself particularly well to the study of higher education. This chapter introduces the family of methods, providing detailed descriptions and guidance for researchers both new to and familiar with these techniques. An example of reform of higher education governance is used to illustrate the concepts and components relevant to EHA.
Sheera Joy Olasky and David F. Greenberg
We identify methodological weaknesses in a paper by Skocpol, Abend-Wein, Howard, and Lehmann (1993) on the origins of mothers’ pensions in the American states in the early…
Abstract
We identify methodological weaknesses in a paper by Skocpol, Abend-Wein, Howard, and Lehmann (1993) on the origins of mothers’ pensions in the American states in the early twentieth century. These include a sub-optimal and potentially biased strategy for assessing the impact of state characteristics on the time to adoption of pensions, as well as the use of a backward stepwise regression procedure for selecting independent variables. To determine whether Skocpol et al.’s conclusions remain valid, we recreated most of their dataset and used methods that are more appropriate for the analysis of duration data, including the Cox and complementary cloglog event history procedures. While we find support for several of their claims, our findings allow for a more straightforward interpretation of the role of explanatory variables, and the temporal dependence of the adoption process.
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This study aims to explore the underlying patterns in tax innovation. Prior studies of local sales taxes still leave a gap in the literature and render the results inconclusive…
Abstract
This study aims to explore the underlying patterns in tax innovation. Prior studies of local sales taxes still leave a gap in the literature and render the results inconclusive because the studies cover either state level or localities within a single state for a short period. To cover the gap, we assemble a dataset of counties in all states for FY1970-2006 but focus on 12 states not threatened by intra-jurisdictional competition. Our empirical analyses yield evidence that a county adopts local sales tax for political and economic rationale rather than fiscal condition. Accordingly, regional diffusion has positive effects on local sales tax adoption in a county. These findings contribute substantively to sales tax literature while confirming policy diffusion.
Christie L. Parris and Heather L. Scheuerman
This paper examines the conditions under which states include sexual orientation as a protected status in hate crime policy over the course of 25 years. Previous research in this…
Abstract
This paper examines the conditions under which states include sexual orientation as a protected status in hate crime policy over the course of 25 years. Previous research in this area has generally focused on the passage of either general hate crime statutes longitudinally or the inclusion of sexual orientation in hate crime legislation via cross-sectional analysis. Moreover, previous work in this area tends to concentrate on two types of factors affecting policy passage: (1) structural factors such as social disorganization and economic vitality, and (2) political characteristics including governor’s political party and the makeup of the state legislature. We argue that a strong LGBT social movement organizational presence may also influence LGBT hate crime policy passage. Using an event history analysis, we test how state-level social movement organizational mobilization, as well as the state-level political context, affect policy passage from 1983 to 2008. Our findings indicate that political opportunities, including political instability and government ideology, matter for the passage of anti-gay hate crime policy. We also find evidence to support political mediation, as the interaction between social movement organizational presence and Democrats in the state legislature affect policy passage.
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The metrication programme in the United Kingdom is now sufficiently advanced for an attempt to be made to separate fact from propaganda, and practicalities from wishful thinking.
R BADEN HELLARD and JV CONNOLLY
The starting point for an action programme for the whole company has been mentioned in the first of the articles of this series in the January 1972 edition. It is, of course, the…
Abstract
The starting point for an action programme for the whole company has been mentioned in the first of the articles of this series in the January 1972 edition. It is, of course, the appropriate training of top management and those key executives who must make policy decisions affecting the whole structure of the change programme.
The purpose of this study is to review the levels of open government data (OGD) among various countries that are not consistent with the development levels of those countries…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to review the levels of open government data (OGD) among various countries that are not consistent with the development levels of those countries. This study evaluates the associativity between OGD Index (OGD) and the characteristics of those countries as well as to compare the degree of OGD among countries. Accordingly, an advanced discussion to explore how a country’s characteristics affect how that country’s government opens data was presented.
Design/methodology/approach
The stakeholder relationships of OGD is analysed with the characteristics of a country. The usage data are compared with the data availability according to nine indicators. These data collected from the statistics and OGDI websites are grouped for comparative statistical analyses based on basic descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance and a regression model with variance inflation faction.
Findings
The results 1) revealed the reasons some countries have high-ranking indexes and 2) verified the high index values of countries in terms of their degrees of development. This study, thus, attempted to derive a balanced appraisal of national development and OGD.
Research limitations/implications
The study sample is limited only to countries 1) which open the statistical data; and 2) are of uneven population density and development degree. The OGDI is limited to expert evaluation. The score might be vary to experts and users with diverse countries at different evaluation period. The limitations can be attributed to the differences between OGDI and real open levels. These differences might influence the reliability and validity.
Practical implications
Government departments with OGD policies provide raw data in various formats and with application interfaces for user access. This study, thus, attempts to derive a balanced appraisal of national development and OGD. The factors that evaluate which types of countries open the level of data are explored.
Originality/value
This study establishes stakeholder relationships of OGD and extends to analyse the characteristics of a country and OGD that affect the government data open level. The relationships are evaluated through the OGDI with design score scheme. The measurement results indicated that a country possesses high relation to open data with high DI and nature resource.