A water based anticorrosive metal primer is clearly capable of providing a number of advantages if compared with a solvent‐borne system; these benefits tend to apply wherever…
Abstract
A water based anticorrosive metal primer is clearly capable of providing a number of advantages if compared with a solvent‐borne system; these benefits tend to apply wherever solvents can be replaced by water as the carrying medium, and they include reduced cost; elimination of fire hazard; reduced need for ventilation in confined working spaces; easier, quicker cleaning of equipment. From the general environmental standpoint it is also an advantge to reduce emission of solvent vapours to the atmosphere, even though the climate of the UK does not call for the stringent emission controls typified by Los Angeles Rule 66.
Probably because the atmospheric corrosion of metals is always associated with the presence of water, the idea of using water‐borne coatings to give protection against corrosion…
Abstract
Probably because the atmospheric corrosion of metals is always associated with the presence of water, the idea of using water‐borne coatings to give protection against corrosion has still not achieved general acceptance. Despite the considerable quantities of aqueous solution primers used in car body dip tanks, there remains a fairly deep‐rooted suspicion of aqueous primers. This may be due to the fact that with all other anti‐corrosive coatings the metal surface must be clean and dry, while aqueous systems inevitably wet the surface.
“Pressure polymers” is a convenient short name for vinyl acetate‐ethylene, and vinyl acetate‐ethylene‐vinyl chloride copolymers; the use of ethylene in particular necessitates…
Abstract
“Pressure polymers” is a convenient short name for vinyl acetate‐ethylene, and vinyl acetate‐ethylene‐vinyl chloride copolymers; the use of ethylene in particular necessitates operating the polymerisation reaction at appreciable pressures, in some cases up to 200 atm. However, the use of pressure in emulsion polymerisation is not an end in itself, interesting though the chemical and engineering challenge has proved to be: the development has arisen from the search for paint media with the best balance of cost and efficiency. Our first experimental vinyl acetate‐ethylene emulsions were shown at the 1966 OCCA Technical Exhibition; one of these grades has been in use on a limited scale for some years, and is now in bulk production at our Warrington factory, which began operating in October 1974. We subsequently undertook work on copolymers and terpolymers involving vinyl chloride, and bulk production of selected products has now started at Warrington.
REPERCUSSIONS of the Margate Conference will be felt for some time to come. There is still the suggestion that one or the other side won in the debate on central control, for…
Abstract
REPERCUSSIONS of the Margate Conference will be felt for some time to come. There is still the suggestion that one or the other side won in the debate on central control, for example, but we would suggest that it was an occasion when a case was stated and combatted and that the result was the only wise one; that is to say, both parties agreed that the Council should consider the matter. It would be in the highest degree dangerous if at any open meeting of over 1,000 members of the Library Association any policy, then for the first time outlined, should be adopted as a settled rule of life. Such questions as central control have to be considered in all their bearings, and admirable as was the case Colonel Mitchell made for it, and forceful as was Mr. Berwick Sayers's rejoinder, they would not be regarded as final statements, even by themselves. There were some murmurings at the swift close of the debate, and there were more than murmurings that so important a matter should arise without due notice. These are not quite reasonable, and no one could have handled the meeting more quietly and impartially than the President (Mr. Savage) did. That no notice was given of the debate is hardly true although the words of the motion proposed by Colonel Mitchell were not known until the debate began; but the intention of the debate was to elicit opinions which might help the council in framing a policy; there was no intention to reach a decision or to publish the results of the meeting. A considered report, twelve months hence, on the deliberations of the L.A. Council on the matter should be far better than any account of the vapourings at Margate.
DESPITE the quite extensive literature on foam, the mechanism of its formation and decay does not appear to be widely appreciated. Most fundamental research has been orientated…
Abstract
DESPITE the quite extensive literature on foam, the mechanism of its formation and decay does not appear to be widely appreciated. Most fundamental research has been orientated towards maximum foam in aqueous solutions, whereas the desire in aircraft engines is for minimum foam in oil ‘solutions’. Further, the numerical results obtained experimentally depend on the details of experimental procedure, which makes correlation of existing data very uncertain.
Kate Sansome, Jodie Conduit and Dean Charles Hugh Wilkie
Escalating uncertainty surrounding brand communications has intensified consumer demands for transparency. Many definitions link transparency to the quantity of shared…
Abstract
Purpose
Escalating uncertainty surrounding brand communications has intensified consumer demands for transparency. Many definitions link transparency to the quantity of shared information, yet more information might not alleviate consumer uncertainty. The purpose of this paper is to develop a consumer-based conceptualisation of brand transparency that recognises the subjectivity in how transparency manifests for consumers.
Design/methodology/approach
This research adopts a qualitative approach, leveraging 10 exploratory interviews with experts and 20 in-depth interviews with consumers.
Findings
Confronted with information asymmetry, consumers rely on cues (openness, clarity, timeliness, evidence-based, explanatory) to evaluate a brand’s intentions to provide accurate information about focal domains in a way that establishes brand transparency. Focal domains of brand transparency (pro-social values, processes and product and service offerings) evolve in line with changing consumer expectations. Both consumer relationships and brand experiences influence brand transparency perceptions.
Research limitations/implications
This study challenges an inherent assumption that access to more information informs brand transparency perceptions; instead, consumers require transparency about salient and focal topics. By delineating the observable signals consumers use to infer transparency and highlighting how consumers’ biases towards certain brands and product categories influence their perceptions of brand transparency, this study contributes to customer–brand relationship literature.
Practical implications
The authors identify challenges for evoking brand transparency perceptions when information is salient. The authors stress the importance of open dialogue across all touchpoints to address consumer queries.
Originality/value
By challenging some assumptions of brand transparency literature, which have evolved from accounting and governance disciplines, this research introduces a distinctive perspective on consumer-based brand transparency.
Details
Keywords
John Tzilivakis, Andrew Green, Doug Warner, Kate McGeevor and Kathy Lewis
The pressure on the food industry and society as a whole to evolve towards more sustainable production and consumption has increased in recent years. There are a number of drivers…
Abstract
Purpose
The pressure on the food industry and society as a whole to evolve towards more sustainable production and consumption has increased in recent years. There are a number of drivers that can help reduce environmental impacts including legislative instruments, retail marketing and consumer choices and demand. One driver that has received attention recently is the use of product labels, either on a single issue or on multiple issues (using omni‐labelling). The purpose of this paper is to report on a framework that emerged from a wider study exploring effective approaches to environmental labelling of food products.
Design/methodology/approach
Techniques for assessing the environmental impacts of food production were reviewed and a consultation was undertaken with industry and consumer experts to ascertain their views (using multi‐criteria mapping) on the practicality and efficacy of environmental labels.
Findings
The wider study found that although the science is not sufficiently robust to develop an outcome‐based, environmentally broad, omni‐label at this time, there is a role for environmental labelling in conjunction with other initiatives to improve the sustainability of food production and consumption. The framework presented aims to support this role and help improve the practicality and efficacy of environmental labels. It provides a series of interrelated guidelines which provide a basis for developing more effective, robust, credible and practical environmental labels for food.
Practical implications
The framework can be used to design new, or evaluate existing labelling schemes and to identify opportunities for improvements. The process is illustrated with an application to four existing schemes.
Originality/value
Eco‐labelling of food products is gaining interest globally, but there are numerous issues that need to be fully understood in order to develop credible and robust labelling systems.
Details
Keywords
Stefan Taubenberger, Jan Jürjens, Yijun Yu and Bashar Nuseibeh
In any information security risk assessment, vulnerabilities are usually identified by information‐gathering techniques. However, vulnerability identification errors – wrongly…
Abstract
Purpose
In any information security risk assessment, vulnerabilities are usually identified by information‐gathering techniques. However, vulnerability identification errors – wrongly identified or unidentified vulnerabilities – can occur as uncertain data are used. Furthermore, businesses' security needs are not considered sufficiently. Hence, security functions may not protect business assets sufficiently and cost‐effectively. This paper aims to resolve vulnerability errors by analysing the security requirements of information assets in business process models.
Design/methodology/approach
Business process models have been selected for use, because there is a close relationship between business process objectives and risks. Security functions are evaluated in terms of the information flow of business processes regarding their security requirements. The claim that vulnerability errors can be resolved was validated by comparing the results of a current risk assessment approach with the proposed approach. The comparison is conducted both at three entities of an insurance company, as well as through a controlled experiment within a survey among security professionals.
Findings
Vulnerability identification errors can be resolved by explicitly evaluating security requirements in the course of business; this is not considered in current assessment methods.
Originality/value
It is shown that vulnerability identification errors occur in practice. With the explicit evaluation of security requirements, identification errors can be resolved. Risk assessment methods should consider the explicit evaluation of security requirements.