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Article
Publication date: 1 June 1994

Sumeet Trehan and M.C. Shukla

The commercial success of electro‐deposition of aqueous coating is mainly concerned with the development of water‐soluble film forming polymers. The field of these water‐soluble…

29

Abstract

The commercial success of electro‐deposition of aqueous coating is mainly concerned with the development of water‐soluble film forming polymers. The field of these water‐soluble polymer systems for surface coating application is growing rapidly and expanding vigorously and they are destined to play a leading role in the near future. This may be mainly attributed to regulations on emissions, environment and ecology. In doing so, the electrodeposition technique offers a remarkable assistance to these systems at comparatively low cost, low energy requirement and high utilization efficiency. Research workers have done work on water‐soluble alkyds, epoxies and acrylics.

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Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 23 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 1 February 1995

Sumeet Trehan and M.C. Shukla

The acute shortage coupled with tremendous increase in cost of various solvents used by paint industry and pollution becoming a serious concern has resulted in intensive study of…

128

Abstract

The acute shortage coupled with tremendous increase in cost of various solvents used by paint industry and pollution becoming a serious concern has resulted in intensive study of water‐borne coatings. Water‐borne coatings ideally meet the needs for coating systems which do not cause atmospheric pollutions and at the same time help in conservation of precious and renewable petroleum resources. Many research workers have developed water‐soluble epoxies, alkyds and acrylics to make water‐based surface coatings.

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Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 24 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 1 November 1992

Rajshree Parvani and M.C. Shukla

Water soluble epoxy resins were prepared from epoxy resin, linseed fatty acids, maleic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, maleinised dehydrated castor oil and maleopimaric acid…

35

Abstract

Water soluble epoxy resins were prepared from epoxy resin, linseed fatty acids, maleic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, maleinised dehydrated castor oil and maleopimaric acid. Pigmented coating compositions for anodic electrodepositions were prepared from water soluble epoxy resins using red oxide of iron and zinc phosphate as pigment. The electrodeposition parameters such as voltage, time, solid content and pH value were optimised. The mechanical and chemical film properties of different electrocoating compositions were studied.

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Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 21 no. 11
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 1 February 1992

S.C. Gupta and M.C. Shukla

Water soluble epoxy‐amine adducts were prepared by reacting epoxy resin with diethanolamine in different molar ratios. These adducts were further partially esterified with linseed…

90

Abstract

Water soluble epoxy‐amine adducts were prepared by reacting epoxy resin with diethanolamine in different molar ratios. These adducts were further partially esterified with linseed oil fatty acids. Aqueous coating compositions for cathodic electrodeposition were prepared from epoxy‐amine adducts and esterified epoxy‐amine adducts separately. Film properties of cathodically electrodeposited coatings were evaluated and studied. It was observed that coatings based on 20% and 30% esterified epoxy‐amine adducts had good overall film properties.

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Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 21 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 1 December 1991

Rajshree Parvani and M.C. Shukla

Water soluble alkyds were prepared from phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride and maleopimaric acid separately by monoglyceride process. Pigmented electro…

27

Abstract

Water soluble alkyds were prepared from phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride and maleopimaric acid separately by monoglyceride process. Pigmented electro coating compositions were prepared from water soluble alkyd resin, red oxide of iron and zinc phosphate. The anodic electrodeposition parameters such as voltage, time, solid content and pH were optimised. The mechanical and chemical properties of different electrocoating compositions were studied. The coating compositions prepared from water soluble alkyd resin based in maleopimaric acid showed good mechanical and chemical properties.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 20 no. 12
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 1 June 1992

U.S. Mishra and M.C. Shukla

This paper deals with the synthesis of water soluble electrodepositable epoxy resins from maleopimaric acid and epoxy resin. Water soluble methylated urea formaldehyde resin and…

39

Abstract

This paper deals with the synthesis of water soluble electrodepositable epoxy resins from maleopimaric acid and epoxy resin. Water soluble methylated urea formaldehyde resin and melamine formaldehyde resin were also synthesised for curing purposes. The coating compositions were prepared from water soluble epoxy resins, water soluble MF resin, water soluble UF resin, red oxide of iron and zinc phosphate. Thereafter the optimum conditions for electrodeposition were determined in terms of voltage, time, solid contents, pH and bath temperature. These anodic electrocoatings had good film properties such as scratch hardness, flexibility, impact resistance and resistance to water, acid, alkali and solvent.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 21 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Article
Publication date: 1 September 1991

Rajshree Parvani and M.C. Shukla

For conservation of petochemical solvents and reduction of air pollution, the water soluble polymers will play an important role in surface coating industry. The coatings based on…

78

Abstract

For conservation of petochemical solvents and reduction of air pollution, the water soluble polymers will play an important role in surface coating industry. The coatings based on water soluble polymers are thinned with water instead of petroleum solvent. Basically, the water based coatings may be made from oils, alkyds, polyesters, aminoes, phenolics, epoxies and acrylics. In spite of a large number of other synthetic resins being available for use in coating formulations, the alkyd resins surpass all of them in versatility, and low cost; combining a broad spectrum of performance properties with economy. Water soluble alkyd resins are similar to their solvent borne counterparts. The major difference is that their formulation is modified to introduce pendant carboxylic acid groups along the polymer backbone. These pendant acid groups can be neutralised with basic compounds to produce water solubility. Several workers studied preparation and evaluation of film characteristics of water soluble alkyd resins using various types of polybasic acids, polyhydric alcohols and fatty acids. The curing of these resins has been satisfactorily accomplished by stoving in presence of water soluble amino resins.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 20 no. 9
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

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Publication date: 26 June 2024

Rossella Canestrino, Pierpaolo Magliocca and Marek Ćwiklicki

Global environmental and social threats challenge humans’ well-being and the survival of posterity. Industry 4.0 (I4.0) transformed the industry sector, enabling process…

Abstract

Global environmental and social threats challenge humans’ well-being and the survival of posterity. Industry 4.0 (I4.0) transformed the industry sector, enabling process automation and scalability, increasing manufacturers’ productivity, efficiency, and profitability, and supporting manufacturing innovation and firms’ competitive advantage. Despite this, the I4.0 paradigm, as currently conceived, does not fit for purpose in the context of the climate crisis and planetary emergency, nor does it address deep social tensions.

Therefore, a new revolution focusing on human and environmental needs is strongly required to address society’s economic and social problems. Combining digitalization and social purposes may address local, national, and international issues by involving a human-centered perspective in traditional business-oriented entrepreneurship.

Depending on the above, this chapter provides an in-depth understanding of Digital Entrepreneurship (DE), Digital Social Entrepreneurship (DSE), and how entrepreneurs may employ digital technologies to reach business and social aims.

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Article
Publication date: 29 November 2024

Özkan Özmen, Ömer Barışkan Yasan, Çağlar Sevim, Erkan Yilmaz and Mehmet Doğan

The complex geometries of human tissues are characterized by the employment of phantoms in various fields of medicine ranging from active treatment stages to educational purposes…

51

Abstract

Purpose

The complex geometries of human tissues are characterized by the employment of phantoms in various fields of medicine ranging from active treatment stages to educational purposes. Despite the exceptional abilities of the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology to produce rapid and patient-specific complex anatomical models, the issue of human tissue-filament material incompatibilities persists owing to the lack of attenuation coefficients in the same range as biological tissues. The purpose of this study is to develop a novel biodegradable filament that can mimic human hard tissues by addressing the challenge mentioned above.

Design/methodology/approach

The current study addresses the issue through proposing a novel biodegradable radiopaque filament containing poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) with increasing amounts (3 wt%, 5 wt% and 10 wt%) for hard tissues. Other than the thermal/flow characterization and internal structural analyses, as for evaluating the effectiveness of the produced filament under computed tomography (CT) imaging, two detailed anthropomorphic phantoms (L3 vertebra and femur bone) are produced and tested.

Findings

Results show that Sb2O3 disperse homogeneously and serve as a nucleating agent for PLA crystallization. Gyroid pattern gets very close isotropic structure with the highest hounsfield unit (HU) values. 5 wt% Sb2O3 is required to get the HU values of cortical bone. The produced model hard tissues are in very compatible with patient images in all details including cortical thickness.

Practical implications

The results of this study will contribute to the development of radiopaque products in medical applications using three-dimensional printing.

Originality/value

The current research shows that inexpensive, patient-specific, detailed medical models can be produced with a novel biodegradable radiopaque filament containing PLA/Sb2O3. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no study has examined the use of Sb2O3 in radiopacity applications in any polymeric material.

Details

Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1355-2546

Keywords

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Article
Publication date: 6 November 2009

Sukhen Mistry and Devendra Agarwal

The purpose of this paper is to describe the synthesizing of polyesteramide (PEA) resins using an acid functional acrylic copolymer (ACR) and hydroxy ethyl fatty amide (HEFA) of…

203

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe the synthesizing of polyesteramide (PEA) resins using an acid functional acrylic copolymer (ACR) and hydroxy ethyl fatty amide (HEFA) of dehydrated castor oil (DCO) and to study the effect of HEFA on the performance properties of the coating films of PEA resins.

Design/methodology/approach

The PEA resins are synthesised by using ACR (synthesised by using butyl methacrylate (BMA) and maleic anhydride (MA)), and HEFA. Different formulations are developed by using ACR and HEFA. The coatings are made using xylene/acetone as a solvent. These coatings are applied on mild steel panels and are cured at 110°C. Various mechanical, optical and chemical properties of the coating films are evaluated.

Findings

The study reveals that, HEFA of DCO is used successfully as a cross‐linking agent for the ACR to form the PEA resins. Incorporation of long chain fatty acid (C18) moieties of the fatty amide in the PEA resins backbone is thought to serve as flexibliser, which lead to improved mechanical and chemical properties of the films. The optimum results are obtained from composition three of copolymer A having (3:1) (ACR:HEFA) molar ratio.

Research limitations/implications

The PEA resins synthesised here are made up of ACR (synthesised by using BMA and MA), and HEFA of DCO. Besides, this ACRs can be synthesised from acrylic acid. In addition to this, one can also use HEFA synthesised from other oils.

Practical implications

This method provides a simple solution for the synthesis of PEA resins and resulting to their improved mechanical properties. The developed product is also an environment friendly product.

Originality/value

The method developed here for the synthesis of PEA resins form ACRs and HEFA is unique and can be used as an effective surface coating material. These studies will help to develop low volatile organic compounds product which could find numerous industrial applications in surface coatings for metal surfaces.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 38 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

Keywords

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