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The filterable particles found in electronic solder fluxes vary considerably in both concentration and chemistry. Four fluxes from three manufacturers were examined, including both rosin fluxes and mildly activated resin fluxes. Individual particles were examined by optical light microscopy (OLM) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Finally, an automated SEM/EDX system was used to collect and summarise information about the size and chemistry of a hundred or more particles from each flux. The number of particles per microgram of flux was found to vary by two orders of magnitude (0.004 to 0.4 per μg). The particle diameters ranged from 0.2–20 μm with averages of 1–3 μm. A large fraction of the particles (33–75% by number) were organic substances not soluble in the flux. The bulk of the inorganic particles were composed of sulphates, silicates and metal oxides. Thus, some solder fluxes may be introducing several contaminant particles into each solder contact. These contaminants may affect the quality of the solder joint depending on particle size and composition.

Weak organic acids (WOAs) are commonly used as activators in no‐clean fluxes. Surface insulation resistance (SIR) was determined as a function of WOA type and residue level through three temperature/humidity test environments. Acidic residue levels were determined after wave solder processing, and after exposure to each of the three test environments. With each of the WOAs studied, the greater the residue level, the lower the SIR. Chemical structure and physical property differences of the WOAs are discussed in the context of differences in SIR observed. WOA volatilisation is found to occur with all four WOAs when exposed to the highest test temperature (85°C). This work shows that testing WOA‐containing solder fluxes at 85°C may not be useful or appropriate.

This paper intends to provide an annotated bibliographic guide for scholars and researchers studying the critical works of Samuel Selvon, one of the founding fathers of the Anglo‐Caribbean literary movement.

The authors identify and evaluate items from print bibliographies, online and card catalogues, electronic databases and the world wide web.

Numerous scholars have critically assessed the novels of Selvon and this is evident in the existence of published and unpublished works in English and other foreign languages.

The forte of the bibliography lies in the annotative aspect and the inclusion of unpublished works and non‐English speaking documents.

Based on stakeholder, agency and institutional theory, this study aims to examine the role of institutional ownership in the relationship between environmental, social and governance practices and CEO compensation.

Utilizing a fixed-effect panel regression analysis, this research utilized a panel data approach, analyzing data spanning from 2014 to 2021, focusing on US companies listed on the S&P500 stock market index. The dataset encompassed 219 companies, leading to a total of 1,533 observations.

The analysis identified that environmental scores significantly impact CEO equity-linked compensation, unlike social and governance scores. Additionally, it was found that institutional ownership acts as a moderating factor in the relationship between the environmental score and CEO equity-linked compensation, as well as the association between the social score and CEO equity-linked compensation. Interestingly, the direction of these moderating effects varied between the two relationships, suggesting a nuanced role of institutional ownership.

This research makes a unique contribution to the field of corporate governance by exploring the relatively understudied area of institutional ownership's influence on the ESG practices–CEO compensation nexus.

Although the role of human capital in the hospitality sector is critical, the industry faces challenges in attracting workers with a poor industry image frequently mentioned regarding labor shortages. This research paper attempts to investigate the factors influencing labor shortages by presenting the perspectives of employees and employers.

Precisely 232 rural hospitality industry employees (n = 128) and employers (n = 104) in Northern Italy were surveyed using a written close-ended online survey and a quantitative research design as part of a convenience sampling approach. For hypotheses testing, Spearman's rho was used.

A relationship between the shortage of professional workers and a variety of factors was found, including professional, digital, social and green skills, industry-intrinsic characteristics and symbolic image attributes of the industry. The findings show that some factors are more important for employees, while others are more significant for employers.

This study demonstrates several practical implications for the hospitality sector by addressing the under-researched stakeholder group of existing hospitality employees, e.g. improving working conditions, reduction of manual operations through digital technologies, realistic career planning, employer branding, identification of skill deficiencies and provision of specialized trainings.

Most research on labor shortages in the hospitality industry has focused on the perspective of either employees or employers. This study compares both perspectives, including the industry image, to gain a realistic picture of the relevant factors for a rural tourism destination in Northern Italy.

A good solder flux must simultaneously perform a number of important functions. It must promote thermal transfer to the area of the solder joint, enhance wetting of the solder on the base metal, and prevent oxidation of the metal surfaces at soldering temperatures. However, its primary task is to remove the tarnish layer from the metal joint that is about to be soldered. Despite the fact that the process of soldering electronic devices is a part of a multi‐billion dollar industry, the actual chemical reactions that occur during this cleaning process are not well documented. In the case of organic acid or water‐soluble fluxes, the flux reactions can be modelled by considering the interactions at the metal/metal oxide/electrolyte solution interface. Although such modelling systems have not frequently been applied to the behaviour of solder and fluxes, they are common for a number of other closely related chemical systems which are of practical interest, e.g., passivation layers on metals, electrochemical cells and metal oxide semiconductors. There are two types of reactions that can occur at the oxide/solution interface: acid‐base reactions and oxidation‐reduction reactions. The factors which affect the reaction rates and mechanisms are such variables as the structure of the metal oxide, temperature, pH, concentration of the electrolyte, and the chemical nature of the solute and solvent. By combining information about flux behaviour with available models of surface reactions, it should be possible to develop the theory of the flux reactions and to gain a better understanding of the factors which control the process.

This chapter discusses the findings of doctoral research into further education lecturers' and middle managers' perceptions of how Continuing Professional Development (CPD) in the sector is planned and implemented. Thematic analysis revealed that mandatory CPD is perceived to: involve conflicting purposes between those planning it and its recipients (deriving from divergent understandings of professionalism and the role of CPD among stakeholders); and be characterised as mostly generic, didactic, and ineffective, leading lecturers to compensate by engaging in additional, separate forms of CPD. This chapter demonstrates the value of practice-based doctoral study in enabling the voices of educators to be positioned at the centre of an exploration of their own professional learning.

The aim of this work is to investigate the decomposition behaviour of the activator species commonly used in the wave solder no-clean flux systems and to estimate the residue amount left after subjecting the samples to simulated wave soldering conditions.

Changes in the chemical structure of the activators were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique and were correlated to the exposure temperatures within the range of wave soldering process. The amount of residue left on the surface was estimated using standardized acid-base titration method as a function of temperature, time of exposure and the substrate material used.

The study shows that there is a possibility of anhydride-like species formation during the thermal treatment of fluxes containing weak organic acids (WOAs) as activators (succinic and DL-malic). The decomposition patterns of solder flux activators depend on their chemical nature, time of heat exposure and substrate materials. Evaporation of the residue from the surface of different materials (laminate with solder mask, copper surface or glass surface) was found to be more pronounced for succinic-based solutions at highest test temperatures than for adipic acid. Less left residue was found on the laminate surface with solder mask (∼5-20 per cent of initial amount at 350°C) and poorest acid evaporation was noted for glass substrates (∼15-90 per cent).

The findings are attributed to the chemistry of WOAs typically used as solder flux activators. The results show the importance WOA type in relation to its melting/boiling points and the impact on the residual amount of contamination left after soldering process.

The results show that the evaporation of the flux residues takes place only at significantly high temperatures and longer exposure times are needed compared to the temperature range used for the wave soldering process. The extended time of thermal treatment and careful choice of fluxing technology would ensure obtaining more climatically reliable product.

Construction workers contribute significantly to the economic development of a country, but the working conditions and the living standard for construction workers in Bangladesh are inhumane. This study aims to focus on the actual scenario of the quality of work-life (QWL) of the construction workers who work without meeting basic human needs.

In this study, researchers used a mixed-method approach. An inclusive one-to-one (F to F) interview has operated at the beginning of the research; later on, focus group discussion (FGD) and a structured questionnaire have been used to investigate the construction workers' QWL workers in Bangladesh.

The findings showed that construction workers are highly dissatisfied with their position, working hours and leaves, payment system, accommodation, food, sanitation and drinking water, education, leisure, entertainment and religious freedom, health safety and security. Consequently, that hinders the natural growth of the said sector where there is no initiative to implement these rights.

Based on this study's findings, the construction industry's higher authority can make some policies to make workers' lives a little happier. Besides, this study will play a vital role in improving academic literature regarding the workers' current condition in Bangladesh's construction industry.

To best the authors' observation, this is the first study in the Emerald Insight publishers on the overall inhuman quality of construction workers' work-life in Bangladesh.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of introducing business tools into nonprofit organizations (NPOs). Exploring the case of an NPO trying to embrace the social enterprise model, this study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the managerialization process affecting third sector organizations.

Relying on an in-depth ethnographic immersion conducted at a Brazilian NPO, this paper adopts a performativity lens to analyze the appropriation process of a traditional business tool, the Individual Development Plan (IDP), at the organization.

The story of the IDP’s appropriation reveals how business tools act as market devices to actualize economic behaviors and representations among NPOs’ beneficiaries. Reinforcing the control of managers upon their constituencies, business tools can thus create an unequal balance of power within NPOs.

Admittedly, this paper relies on one single case study, which imposes strong limitations to generalize empirical findings. Nonetheless, this analysis calls for more caution in the promotion of business tools for the development of social entrepreneurship in third sector organizations.

Rather than debating the accuracy and efficiency of business tools in NPOs, this paper adopts a performative approach to understand how artifacts change the nature of relationships between managers and beneficiaries within social ventures. Rejecting a normative stance, this paper proposes a micro-level analysis of managerialization, focusing on an organization from an emerging country, Brazil, which is rarely at the core of social entrepreneurship studies.