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The purpose of this study is to determine what differences there are in personal characteristics and functioning between juvenile offenders under a mandatory treatment order with IQ<70, IQ 70‐85, and IQ>85, in order to be able to better fit supervision and treatment to their needs.

In order to answer this question 1,363 case files of serious juvenile offenders under a mandatory treatment order were scored using the juvenile forensic profile list (FPJ), an instrument that encompasses over 70 characteristics relevant in risk‐assessment and for measuring problem behaviour.

The analyses showed that the behavioural and mental health problems and background characteristics of juvenile offenders of various IQ‐levels (IQ<70, IQ 70‐85, and IQ>85) are in many respects very similar. However, differences were found in, for example, social skills and relationships, and the needs inherent with having an intellectual disability (ID) have important implications for the way treatment is offered.

As a large proportion of serious juvenile offenders have an ID, these findings are important to consider. Furthermore, as intelligence has a dynamic aspect, the authors advise to occasionally reassess these juveniles.

Owing to the significance of a healthy lifestyle, we investigate the antecedents of the healthy lifestyle of young consumers in Sri Lanka. 658 structured questionnaires were collected from young consumers in Sri Lanka as part of the survey procedure. The judgmental sampling method is used to choose the respondents. The analysis makes use of both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings disclose a high degree of healthy lifestyle among young consumers in Sri Lanka. Further findings revealed that health consciousness, collective esteem, and neighborhood environment are the antecedents for a healthy lifestyle. As young consumers are more concerned about a healthy lifestyle, managers in certain industries such as food and beverages, hotels, and restaurants should adopt their products and services in line with a healthy lifestyle.

The purpose of this study is to consider the role of causal attribution of isolation and humiliation from classmates in the coping of young people with mild intellectual disability.

The R-PI test (Kurtek, 2018) was administered to a sample of 151 transition-age students (age 18-22 years) in Poland. It consists of vignettes that describe stressful situations in which classmates might engage in isolating or humiliating behavior directed at the respondents. The respondents’ coping responses were interpreted according to a coding system based on a multi-axis approach by Hobfoll (1998) and Kelley’s attribution theory (1973).

The results have revealed that a majority of attributions are of defensive character. However, it was found that the justifying attributions were significantly associated with prosocial coping and the accusing attributions were related to antisocial coping.

Because a vignette study is not based on actual interactions, the results refer to cognitive rather than behavioral performance.

The implications for supporting coping skills through attribution training, especially for youth with aggressive and passive behaviors, are discussed.

Promoting positive and situational attributions to stressful interactions with classmates increases the likelihood of prosocial coping.

Applied cognitive approaches emphasize each respondent’s subjective perspective in attempting to explain humiliating and isolating incidents from classmates and the various coping strategies they personally considered effective in these situations. The present study contributes to the relatively small current literature available in this area.

Although intellectual disability (ID) and criminal offending have long been associated, the nature of this link is obfuscated by reliance on historically unrigorous means of assessing ID and fractionating social cognitive skills. The purpose of this paper is to review and report current findings and set an agenda for future research in social perception, social inference and social problem solving in ID violent offenders.

The literature is reviewed on comorbidity of criminal offending and ID, and on social cognitive impairment and ID offending. In an exploratory case-control series comprising six violent offenders with ID and five similarly able controls, emotion recognition and social inference are assessed by the Awareness of Social Inference Test and social problem-solving ability and style by an adapted Social Problem-Solving Inventory.

Violent offenders recognised all emotions except “anxious”. Further, while offenders could interpret and integrate wider contextual cues, absent such cues offenders were less able to use paralinguistic cues (e.g. emotional tone) to infer speakers’ feelings. Offenders in this sample exceeded controls’ social problem-solving scores.

This paper confirms that ID offenders, like neurotypical offenders, display specific deficits in emotion recognition – particularly fear recognition – but suggests that in ID offenders impairments of affect perception are not necessarily accompanied by impaired social problem solving. The implication for therapeutic practice is that ID offenders might be most effectively rehabilitated by targeting simpler, low-level cognitive processes, such as fear perception, rather than adapting treatment strategies from mainstream offenders.

Social deficits are central within conceptualisations of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and separately linked to offending behaviour. Social problem-solving interventions are often used with offenders, but little research has examined the social information processing (SIP) skills of individuals with ASD and a history of criminal offending behaviours. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

This conceptual paper will introduce the SIP model, review SIP research as applied to those with ASD and in forensic populations, and further consider the relevance to the assessment and treatment of offenders with ASD.

Difficulties in all areas of the SIP model are noted in ASD and research suggests these difficulties may be directly linked to behaviour.

It is possible that identifying SIP abilities and deficits could improve the effectiveness of rehabilitation programmes for this group.

This paper reviews the utility of social information models in the offending behaviour of people with ASD.

This study explored students' perspectives on designing and implementing the new clinical interprofessional education (IPE) module for chronic disease management at the primary care level in the Vietnamese context.

Students from seven different university-level healthcare programmes participated in a cross-sectional survey Course Experience Questionnaire-based study. Additionally, two open-ended questions were presented to gather qualitative data, mapping student perspectives. Statistical analyses and thematic analyses were performed.

The results show that students agree with quality statements about IPE design features, such as good teaching, clear goals and standards, appropriate workload, appropriate assessment and a blended learning approach. Answers to the open-ended comments pointed out the strengths of the IPE module in providing opportunities for interprofessional learning, improving interprofessional collaboration competencies, real-life interprofessional collaboration practice and continuous feedback from tutors. Students also reported weaknesses in the IPE module, including a lack of feedback on the care plan and logistics of the IPE module.

Students positively recognise key design features of the IPE module, combining classroom activities with standardised patient simulations, clinical practice and home visits. Chronic disease management at the primary care level is a suitable context for training students to work interprofessionally. The strengths and weaknesses identified by students could help in the redesign and future implementation of the IPE module in the Vietnamese context. They could inspire practices in Southeast Asian medical education and beyond.

The purpose of this paper is to debate the complexities of intervening with adults with learning disabilities and support staff in the natural environment and challenges of evaluating change.

A critical review of the relevance and amenability of communication partnerships for interventions that promote communication growth in context was carried out. Particular consideration was given to the mechanism for change and implications for research design.

The communication partnership is a reasonable focus for interventions aiming to promote the communication of adults with learning disabilities. Combining instructional training with in situ coaching appears to provide the most effective approach. Bringing about change within the dynamic context of communication is challenging and may benefit from an open, investigative design.

This paper synthesises the available evidence on intervening in the communication environment and debates the potential of realist evaluation as a context-focused research design.

The purpose of this paper is to advance a number of outlooks on the reporting of the use of coercive measures in the care for persons with intellectual disabilities. The following questions will be discussed: which forms of involuntary care should be externally reported and how is this external reporting influenced by environmental and other factors?

This paper describes an important part of the New Dutch Care and Coercion Act (Wet zorg en dwang) concerning reporting the use of coercive measures. The implications of reporting the use of coercive measures have been discussed at a meeting for experts in mental health law and the care of people with an intellectual disability. The issue has been presented to the participants as neutrally as possible, so as to provide the researchers a comprehensive picture of the different views on reporting the use of coercive measures. The outcome of this meeting has served as the input for a further step in the research – using the Delphi method – in order to address the issue comprehensively.

The Dutch legislation on reporting involuntary care implies that measures carried out only in the face of resistance should be externally reported. The experts that participated in this study endorse the importance of a real-time external reporting system. They believe that standardized and reliable external reporting requires involuntary care, the categories of involuntary care and the environmental and other factors that affect external reporting to be defined more concretely. They regard environmental and other factors as decisive for assessing whether a measure constitutes involuntary care. This in turn, therefore, has consequences for whether such incidents should be reported.

Many concepts in the new Dutch Care and Coercion Act (Wet zorg en dwang) are not formally defined. Instead, the legislator has left it to those in the field to decide how they should be interpreted. This prompted many questions from those attending the expert meeting and in our own analysis. The researchers could possibly have resolved this confusion during the meeting by formulating more detailed definitions of terms such as “resistance” and “involuntary care” beforehand. The disadvantage of this, however, would have been that those attending the meeting would have had no opportunity to define the terms on the basis of their own expertise. As a result, the researchers have obtained all relevant information comprehensively to use as the input for the next step of the research, which employs the Delphi method.

This viewpoint emphasises the need to take a wide range of factors into account throughout the process in order to establish whether care can be seen as involuntary. The researchers regard the care providers’ expertise in dealing with these factors – client factors, and behavioural or environmental factors, for example – as being of essential importance if care is to be recognised as involuntary and reported as effectively as possible. Therefore, the researchers discuss whether the legal position of clients is protected if care providers register only those forms of involuntary care where there is obvious resistance. In this case, many forms of resistance are overlooked, which may be to the detriment of the legal protection of clients with intellectual disabilities. However, the system in the UK shows that it can be quite complicated to develop a clear definition of involuntary care that is usable in practice, without giving rise to an enormous amount of bureaucracy and thus distracting from the real issue: protecting the legal position of clients with an intellectual disability.

Academic papers clearly demonstrate that external reporting of involuntary care has not yet become properly established, either in the Netherlands or elsewhere, such as in the UK. This paper seeks to provide insights into new Dutch legislation about external reporting of involuntary care. By organising a meeting with experts, the factors that have so far acted as obstacles in the reporting of involuntary care are problematized. The findings of this paper will help to further the process of developing an effective system for reporting involuntary care.

Healthcare policies around the globe are aimed at achieving patient-centeredness. The patient is understood as a prosumer of healthcare, wherein healthcare service co-production and value co-creation take center stage. The article endeavors to unpack the state of the literature on the innovations promoting the transition toward patient-centeredness, informing policy and management interventions fostering the reconceptualization of the patient as a prosumer of healthcare services.

A hybrid review methodology consisting of a bibliometric-interpretive review following the Scientific Procedures and Rationales for Systematic Literature Reviews (SPAR-4-SLR) protocol is used. The bibliometric component enabled us to objectively map the extant scientific knowledge into research streams, whereas the interpretive component facilitated the critical analysis of research streams.

Patient-centeredness relies on a bundle of innovations that are enacted through a cycle of patients' activation, empowerment, involvement and engagement, wherein the omission of any steps arrests the transition toward service co-production and value co-creation. Institutional, organizational and cognitive barriers should be overcome to boost the transition of patients from consumers to prosumers in a patient-centered model of healthcare.

The article delivers the state of the art of the scientific literature in the field of innovations aimed at sustaining the transition toward patient-centeredness and provides some food for thoughts to scholars and practitioners who wish to push forward service co-production and value co-creation in healthcare.

In the Netherlands, as in England, concerns exist about the extent of and frequency with which freedom-restricting measures are applied. The view is that use of these measures needs to decrease. The purpose of this paper is to outline new legislation that is expected to come into force in the Netherlands in 2020.

This paper provides a description of legislation entering into force on 1 January 2020.

Many of the new legislation’s practical implications remain unclear, including the definition of involuntary care.

The new legislation will start being monitored directly after coming into force, and only then the authors will make out what works well and what does not.

Introducing new legislation on coercion is not sufficient. Careful implementation of the legislation is important, including the way it defines involuntary care.

In 2020, the Netherlands is introducing new legislation on involuntary care for people with an intellectual disability. This includes a definition of involuntary care.