A barrier type of finish coat on zinc‐rich primers can effectively prevent corrosion on mild steel structures in marine environments. Chlorinated rubber is well known for its…
Abstract
A barrier type of finish coat on zinc‐rich primers can effectively prevent corrosion on mild steel structures in marine environments. Chlorinated rubber is well known for its impermeability of water vapours and corrosive ions. Micaceous iron oxide (MIO) and titanium dioxide (Ti02) are the best barrier pigments available in the world. The chlorinated rubber based top coatings have been prepared by incorporating these two pigments separately and applied over three types of zinc‐rich primers (ZRP) (butyl titanate ZRP, cashew nut shell liquid ZRP and epoxy polyamide ZRP). The electro chemical aspects of protection afforded by these coating systems have been evaluated on mild steel substrate in 3 percent NaCI solution by potential‐time, polarisation and impedance techniques. This study revealed an interesting correlation between the polarisation and impedance observations. The inorganic ZRP with top coated systems behave differently to organic ZRP with top coated systems. The MIO pigmented finish coat affords equally higher duration of protection of steel substrate from corrosive saline environment, even though the PVC value is considerably lower than the TiO2 pigmented top coat systems.
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In recent years a new metallic pigment was brought to the attention of paint formulators, namely stainless steel. The stainless steel pigmented coatings show much greater…
Abstract
In recent years a new metallic pigment was brought to the attention of paint formulators, namely stainless steel. The stainless steel pigmented coatings show much greater resistance to abrasion than the other metallic pigmented coatings. This pigment is used as a major pigment as well as a component of any multipigment systems for both protective and decorative coatings. Attempts to optimize the pigment in epoxy‐polyamide medium by a polarization method. Evaluates the protective behaviour of optimized coating on mild steel by mechanical, accelerated and electrochemical methods. Studies the surface morphology of the primer by scanning electron microscopy (SCM). The electrochemical behaviour of the coating showed that the coating gave a very high order of resistance for longer duration in sodium chloride solution and also the metallic solution. Finds that the resistances produced by the polarization method and impedance method are well comparable for metallic powder pigmented coatings on steel structure in chloride solution.
M. Dhanalakshmi, M. Selvaraj, S. Syed Azim and P. Jayakrishnan
Recent developments indicate that the polymer coatings used to protect steel structures from corrosive environments are rarely one‐component systems. Polymeric blends used to…
Abstract
Recent developments indicate that the polymer coatings used to protect steel structures from corrosive environments are rarely one‐component systems. Polymeric blends used to protect the structures are a mixture of at least two polymers or copolymers. The heterophase polymer blends are known as polymer‐polymer composites (PPC). The advantages of PPC coatings in comparison to multicoat systems are high thickness per coat, excellent protection and superior layer adhesion. Presents a study in which a poly (epoxy‐chlorinated rubber‐silicone) PPC coating was prepared and its chemical resistance properties in acid, alkali and neutral solutions were studied. Different combinations of these three binders were also prepared in toluene:acetone solvent mixture and the chemical resistance properties of these PPCs were evaluated in comparison with the corresponding multicoat system with the same thickness. Finds that the PPCs show superior properties when compared to multicoat systems. Studies the electrochemical behaviour such as potential, resistance and capacitance of the PPCs and the multicoat systems on steel substrate in sodium chloride solution and finds that the PPCs have higher resistance value than the multicoat systems. Based on the experimental results, concludes that a single coat of PPC can be recommended for protecting the steel structures from chemical and marine environments, instead of using conventional three‐ or four‐coat systems based on the same or different film formers.
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S. Sankar, G. Paruthimal Kalaignan, T. Vasudevan and M. Selvaraj
Coatings with outstanding chemical and physical properties can be obtained from two‐pack formulations without stoving. The epoxy resin was cured with different amine‐based…
Abstract
Coatings with outstanding chemical and physical properties can be obtained from two‐pack formulations without stoving. The epoxy resin was cured with different amine‐based compounds, such as polyamide (PA), the aniline copolymer of triethanolamine titanate and aniline formaldehyde. The thermal resistance properties of the cured films were analysed using the thermo‐gravimetric method. This study also examined the effect of coating resistance of 3 per cent sodium chloride solution by means of electrochemical impedance measurements. Coatings that included the epoxy triethanolamine titanate showed superior behaviour, compared to the other two systems tested. This hardener can be recommended instead of using conventional PA and polyamidoamide hardeners for epoxy two‐pack systems that are to be used to protect the steel structures from highly corrosive chemical and marine environments.
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Ali Ghanbarzadeh, Jaber Neshati, Mohammad Reza Bagherzadeh and Shahram Ghanizadeh
The purpose of this paper is to draw up an atmospheric corrosion map for an industrial zone to determine the best coating system for each location.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to draw up an atmospheric corrosion map for an industrial zone to determine the best coating system for each location.
Design/methodology/approach
The outdoor atmospheric corrosion rate was measured at eight locations distributed in an oil refinery during a year. Corrosion rates were measured by weight loss of carbon steel coupons, according to ISO Standard 9223. Weathering conditions, including temperature, time of wetness, and atmospheric pollution such as chloride precipitation and sulfur content also were measured. The results were analyzed using “Surfer 8” software and the corrosion map of the refinery was derived.
Findings
An atmospheric corrosion map was derived for the oil refinery. By this approach, coating system for equipment can be selected based exactly on where the plant item is located.
Originality/value
Exterior coating systems for equipment now can be selected based on their application, regardless of their position in any refinery. In this article, an atmospheric corrosion map was developed for a refinery for the first time. The position of equipment on the corrosion map is a new parameter that should be considered for coating system selection.
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L. Ismail, K. Ramesh, N.A. Mat Nor, S.K.M. Jamari, B. Vengadaesvaran and A.K. Arof
The purpose of this paper is to study the electrochemical, mechanical and thermal characteristics of polyester – epoxy coating systems using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study the electrochemical, mechanical and thermal characteristics of polyester – epoxy coating systems using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), pull-off test and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). These are very important properties to evaluate the performance of a coating system. Proper measurement and analysis techniques are needed for a proper evaluation of these properties to ensure the coating performance.
Design/methodology/approach
Different ratios of polyester and epoxy resins have been blended to formulate good anticorrosive, mechanically strong and thermally stable binder coating system. EIS, pull-off test and DSC were used to evaluate these properties.
Findings
The sample containing 90 wt.% polyester exhibited the best corrosion resistance from the beginning until the end of exposure time. The value of corrosion resistance (Rc) obtained on the 30th day of exposure was found to be 2.89 × 108 ohm cm−2. The glass transition temperature (Tg) was found to be increasing with the incorporation of epoxy to the binder system. The result from pull-off test showed the best adhesion with the sample containing 90 wt.% polyester which also has the lowest Tg promoted better adhesion properties.
Practical implications
The curing time must be reduced for practical applications.
Originality/value
Hybrid coatings systems have been formulated. This paper discusses on the highest coating resistance obtained polymer-substrate mechanical properties and thermal characteristic of the polyester/epoxy binder resin using DSC.
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Rajan Anitha, Chan Basha Nusrath Unnisa, Venkatesan Hemapriya, Selvaraj Mohana Roopan, Subramanian Chitra, Ill-Min Chung, Seung-Hyun Kim and Prabakaran Mayakrishnan
Over the past decade, plant extracts are ultimate green candidatures to substitute the expensive and noxious synthetic corrosion inhibitors. In this regard, this study aims to…
Abstract
Purpose
Over the past decade, plant extracts are ultimate green candidatures to substitute the expensive and noxious synthetic corrosion inhibitors. In this regard, this study aims to focus on evaluating anti-corrosion properties of green inhibitor Cyperus rotundus (C. rotundus), a perennial herb found throughout India.
Design/methodology/approach
The biocompatible components present in C. rotundus extract was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy analysis. The corrosion inhibitory effect of C. rotundus was assessed by impedance, polarization and surface morphometric study [atomic force microscopy (AFM)]. Density functional theory (DFT) study was carried using DFT/B3LYP, and basis set used for calculations was 6-31G (d, p) using Gaussian 03 program package.
Findings
Predominant components such as octadecanoicacid, ethylester, n-hexadecanoic acid, pentanoicacid-4-oxoethyl ester, cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl, cyclotetrasiloxane and octamethyl were identified from the extract of C. rotundus. Impedance study demonstrated that the addition of inhibitor reduces the double-layer capacitance and increases the charge transfer resistance. Furthermore, polarization studies indicated that the extract of C. rotundus acted as a mixed-type inhibitor with decrease in corrosion current density with increase in concentration. AFM study evinced the formation of inhibitor film on mild steel surface. The donor–acceptor interactions of active sites of predominant phytoconstituents were substantiated by computational analysis (DFT).
Originality/value
This paper deals with the inhibition effect of extract of C. rotundus on mild steel in 0.5M H2SO4. C. rotundus has a capability to adsorb on the metal surface, thus hindering corrosion.
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Fazal Jawad Seyyed, Moeen Naseer Butt, Osama Malik and Rafia Mazhar
The purposes of this study included: recognizing the risks and challenges farmers face when growing a new crop, understanding agricultural marketing and its processes and…
Abstract
Learning outcomes
The purposes of this study included: recognizing the risks and challenges farmers face when growing a new crop, understanding agricultural marketing and its processes and developing a marketing strategy for a specialty agricultural product, such as quinoa.
Case overview/synopsis
The main focus of this case lies in identifying the risks faced by farmers in growing a new specialty crop and selecting the appropriate marketing strategies for targeting, positioning and channelling an agricultural product.
Complexity academic level
This case can be used in intermediate- to advanced-level marketing courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels in universities. It can also be used in agriculture and agribusiness–based courses in the undergraduate, graduate or executive level.
Supplementary materials
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Supplementary materials
Rehman, S.U., Selvaraj, M. and Ibrahim, M.S., 2012. Indian Agricultural Marketing-A Review. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2(1), pp.69-75. Kotler, P., Keller, K.L., Ang, S.H., Tan, C.T. and Leong, S.M., 2018. Marketing Management: An Asian Perspective. Pearson.
Subject code
CSS 8: Marketing
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M. Selvaraj, Vela Murali and S.R. Koteswara Rao
The purpose of this paper is to propose a three‐dimensional thermal model for friction stir welding of AISI 1018 mild steel to predict the thermal cycle, temperature distribution…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to propose a three‐dimensional thermal model for friction stir welding of AISI 1018 mild steel to predict the thermal cycle, temperature distribution, the effect of welding parameters on power required, heat generation and peak temperature during the friction stir welding process.
Design/methodology/approach
The mathematical expressions for heat generation during the friction stir welding process were derived. The simulations for various welding and rotational speeds were carried out on ANSYS software employing temperature and radius dependent moving heat source and applying the boundary conditions.
Findings
The predicted thermal cycle, torque required and temperatures were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The heat generation and peak temperatures were found to be directly proportional to rotational speed and inversely proportional to welding speed. The rate of increase in heat generation and peak temperature were found to be higher at lower rotational speeds and lower at higher rotational speeds. The heat generation during friction stir welding was found to be 71.4 per cent at shoulder, 23.1 per cent at pin side and 5.5 per cent at bottom of the pin.
Originality/value
A new temperature dependent slip factor has been used to determine the contribution of slipping and sticking on total heat generation. A temperature and radius dependent moving heat source has been employed.
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Nur Asnawi, Badri Munir Sukoco and Muhammad Asnan Fanani
Loyalty among customers is the baseline for services to use to grow and sustain their competitive advantage, particularly in the banking industry. There are two primary objectives…
Abstract
Purpose
Loyalty among customers is the baseline for services to use to grow and sustain their competitive advantage, particularly in the banking industry. There are two primary objectives of this research. First, this study aims to empirically test the Muslim Consumer Service Quality (MCSQ). Second, this study aims to test the mediating effect of Muslim Consumer Satisfaction (MCS) on the relationship between MCSQ and Muslim Consumer Loyalty (MCL) in Indonesian Islamic banks.
Design/methodology/approach
The proposed hypotheses were tested by collecting data from 280 Indonesian Islamic customers. The collected data were tested using PLS-Graph 3.0.
Findings
The findings indicate that MCSQ (consisting of Islamic values, Sharia compliance, honesty, modesty, humaneness and trustworthiness) positively influenced MCS and MCL significantly. Further, the results indicate that MCS partially mediates the influence of MCSQ on MCL.
Research limitations/implications
The data were mainly gathered in Indonesia and the model needs to be tested in other contexts. Furthermore, the questionnaire was distributed among the customers of Islamic banks, and future studies could compare it with the customers of conventional banks or dual account (Islamic and conventional bank) customers. Moreover, further studies should compare between the expectations and reality of the delivered services to understand the service quality gap, which this study did not measure.
Practical implications
The findings indicate that by measuring the service quality in the Islamic context of Islamic banks, such as MCSQ, the managers can design their services to specifically target their Muslim customers. Furthermore, customer satisfaction must be the focus for the bank’s managers when developing MCSQ to close the gap between the expectations and reality of the delivered services.
Originality/value
This study empirically tests the developed MCSQ in the context of Indonesian Islamic banks, which is expected to enrich the literature of service marketing. Furthermore, a partial mediation effect of MCS was identified on the influence of MCSQ on MCL, which few studies have discussed previously.