H. Mora‐Mora, M. Lloret‐Climent and F. Vives‐Macia
This paper attempts to compare two biological successions, in general any two successions, analysing the differences between them.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper attempts to compare two biological successions, in general any two successions, analysing the differences between them.
Design/methodology/approach
An algorithm was designed based on a metric which enables one to calculate the associated distance between two successions and, based on the distance obtained, the type of mutations which have occurred was approached.
Findings
The empirical analysis shows that the transformations caused in the successions have been detected by the metric. Today there are numerous enormously powerful programs able to trawl entire databases and therefore the aim of this paper was not to compare these, but to demonstrate a different way of comparing two given successions.
Practical implications
The paper presents a comparison of two DNA successions having a measure of the degree of similarity between them and their possible mutations.
Originality/value
The metric presented is a generalisation of the Hamming distance in strings of different lengths. The software associated with the metric has made it possible to validate the results obtained.
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José Luis Usó Doménech, Josué Antonio Nescolarde-Selva, Miguel Lloret-Climent, Kristian Alonso and Hugh Gash
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate mathematically the impossibility of achieving a utopian society. Demonstrate that any attempt to correct deviations from a hypothetical…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate mathematically the impossibility of achieving a utopian society. Demonstrate that any attempt to correct deviations from a hypothetical trajectory whose ultimate goal is the utopia, increasingly demands more work, including measures that lead to terror, which may even be absolute, leading to the horrible paradox that in seeking paradise hell is constructed.
Design/methodology/approach
Scientific tools that the authors have used are: the theory of the system linkage, alysidal algebra, kinematic theory and vector analysis.
Findings
Myths are the substrate of some complex systems of beliefs and utopia is its ultimate goal. The use of the combination of the theory of trajectories, belonging to the alysidal algebra, the theorem of unintended effects and kinematics theory provides an approximation to deviations suffering utopian ideological currents and their corrections.
Originality/value
This paper is a continuation of other previous papers developing the theory of complex societies.
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José Luis Usó Doménech, Josué Antonio Nescolarde-Selva, Miguel Lloret-Climent, Hugh Gash and Lorena Segura-Abad
The purpose of this paper is to show that transmission of information and information storage or registration depends on structures. Structures emerge from coordinated sets of…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to show that transmission of information and information storage or registration depends on structures. Structures emerge from coordinated sets of constraints. Complex systems depend on their structures to function. The temporal sequence of changes in the levels of the complex system determines its behavior. These three concepts are intimately linked with the environment. Environment, structure, function and behavior form a complex system–environment unit, which is the operational unit of existence for all open complex systems. Therefore, it becomes a point in the directional propagation of the cause, where stimulus environment becomes a Creaon, and then the Creaon becomes a Genon, becoming in turn the response to the experienced environment. The formation of structures is the main phenomenon of evolution. Evolution can also be accepted as free, in the sense that it does not cost additional deaths.
Design/methodology/approach
Mathematical and logical development of the structure and thermodynamics in complex systems.
Findings
Based on the above considerations, the authors are going to introduce two fundamental principles in Complex systems Theory: the Matthew Effect and the Principle of Sagan.
Originality/value
But as the authors’ purpose is to give a formal definition of a complex system from a totally theoretical point of view, they establish a relationship between concepts of General Systems Theory, Theory of the Environment, linguistics, Information Theory and thermodynamics.
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Jose-Luis Usó-Domenech, Josué Antonio Nescolarde-Selva and Miguel Lloret-Climent
The purpose of this paper is the study of the causal relationship. The concept called “naive” causality can be stated more generally as the belief (or knowledge) that results…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is the study of the causal relationship. The concept called “naive” causality can be stated more generally as the belief (or knowledge) that results follow actions, and that these results are not random, but are consistently linked with causes. The authors have thus formed a very general and precarious concept of causality, but one that appropriately reflects the meaning of causality at the level of common sense.
Design/methodology/approach
Mathematical and logical development of the causality in complex systems.
Findings
There are three aspects of rationality that give the human mind a unique vision of reality: quantification: reduction of phenomena to quantitative terms; cause and effect: causal relationship, which allows predicting; and the necessary and valid use of (deterministic) mechanical models. This work is dedicated to the second aspect, that of causality, but at present leaves aside the discussion of possibility-necessity, proposing a modification to philosophical synthesis of causality specified by Bunge (1959), with contributions made by Patten et al. (1976) and LeShan and Margenau (1982).
Originality/value
Causality is an epistemological category, because it concerns the experience and knowledge of the human subject, without being necessarily a property of reality.
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This paper aims to describe to the dependence and independence functions associated with the system and the environment system, as also the interdependence functions between the…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to describe to the dependence and independence functions associated with the system and the environment system, as also the interdependence functions between the two systems.
Design/methodology/approach
These functions, like the connections between pairs of entities in the systems, are formulated using the derivative concept. The system will thus be analysed in function of processes between mathematically formulated variables.
Findings
For each entity in the system or in the environment system it will be possible to determine networks of dependence and interdependence, which will be represented by their associated functions.
Originality/value
The functions described in this paper aim to decipher the processes that occur in systems. The characterisation of these functions via derivates implies an acknowledgement of the processes in the system, given that by simply observing the value of the derivatives obtained, one can uncover the network of interdependences between system entities.
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M. Lloret‐Climent and P.F. Esteve‐Calvo
This paper seeks to analyze ecological networks from a different viewpoint, using the concepts of orbits, coverage, invariant sets, etc.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper seeks to analyze ecological networks from a different viewpoint, using the concepts of orbits, coverage, invariant sets, etc.
Design/methodology/approach
A very simple view of ecosystems is presented, without delving into their multiple properties. Specifically, an ecosystem will be considered a system containing living and non‐living entities whose interrelationships include those of predator‐prey and competition. On interpreting that orbits are associated with ecosystems' direct and indirect paths, it is possible to present a much more conceptual design of ecological networks.
Findings
An ecosystem's two most important relationships, those of predator‐prey and competition, appear to be interconnected with the concepts of coverage, invariance and orbit, with multiple properties.
Originality/value
There are many interesting analyses of ecological networks' indirect effects that develop the quantitative and qualitative theory of ecological networks. What is new in this study is that it is the first dealing with orbits in the field of ecosystems.
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M. Lloret‐Climent, P.F. Esteve‐Calvo and E. Almenara‐Carmona
Based on knowledge of the variables of a link system and their interrelation, the purpose of this paper is to show how it is possible to specify all the objects relating to…
Abstract
Purpose
Based on knowledge of the variables of a link system and their interrelation, the purpose of this paper is to show how it is possible to specify all the objects relating to dependency chains of a discrete system which are essential in systemic analysis of any system.
Design/methodology/approach
An algorithm is designed based on previously developed theoretical concepts which enables the discovery of the aforementioned objects.
Findings
A tool has been developed which is able to analyse any system with given variables and dependencies in a fast and economical manner.
Practical implications
These results can be applied to a number of cases. For example, in the case of an ecosystem, the structural function associated with each species of the ecosystem can be determined, it could be ascertained whether a group of species covered another group of species, whether there is an invariant group of species can be determined, and the orbit of each species analysed.
Originality/value
The algorithm presented in this paper is innovative in that it is a direct transfer of the theoretical results presented in recent publications, and therefore presupposes a different treatment of the qualitative analysis of the system.
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Not all cells are equal: each tissue and organ has its own type of cell. Although the nucleus of each cell in a living system has the same genetic information, each one dispenses…
Abstract
Not all cells are equal: each tissue and organ has its own type of cell. Although the nucleus of each cell in a living system has the same genetic information, each one dispenses of the lion's share of that information and only those genes that are necessary for carrying out the function of the particular organ or tissue to which they belong remain active. Despite the fact that in specific scientific fields, such as ecosystem studies, it is possible to measure the relationships between different variables and to compare the various direct and indirect effects they may have on one another, there has been no such development in the wider context of a General Systems Theory. This paper sets out to address the question of cellular change by interpreting processes such as direct and indirect causality, cellular meiosis and mutation of cells.
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J. Nescolarde‐Selva and J.L. Usó‐Doménech
Deontical impure systems are systems whose object set is formed by an s‐impure set, whose elements are perceptuales significances (relative beings) of material and/or energetic…
Abstract
Purpose
Deontical impure systems are systems whose object set is formed by an s‐impure set, whose elements are perceptuales significances (relative beings) of material and/or energetic objects (absolute beings) and whose relational set is freeways of relations, formed by sheaves of relations going in two‐way directions and at least one of its relations has deontical properties such as permission, prohibition, obligation and faculty.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper looks at the mathematical and logical development of human society structure.
Findings
Existence of relations with positive imperative modality (obligation) would constitute the skeleton of the system. Negative imperative modality (prohibition) would be the immunological system of protection of the system. Modality permission the muscular system, that gives the necessary flexibility to the system, in as much to the modality faculty its neurocerebral system, because it allows him to make decisions. Transactions of energy, money, merchandise, population, etc. would be the equivalent one to the sanguineous system. These economic transactions and inferential relations, depend, as well, of the existence of a legislative body with their obligations, prohibitions and permissions that regulate them. A Social System Σ may be considered like an alysidal set with an only alysidal element. The authors consider two theories: Enlarged theory and Reduced theory.
Originality/value
This paper is a continuation of two previous papers – Part I published in Kybernetes, Vol. 41 No. 1/2 and Part II published in Vol. 41 No. 5/6 – and develops the theory of deontical impure systems.