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The main purpose of this paper is to analyze a tourist destination using sentiment analysis techniques with data from Twitter and Instagram to find the most representative entities (or places) and perceptions (or aspects) of the users.

The authors used 90,725 Instagram posts and 235,755 Twitter tweets to analyze tourism in Granada (Spain) to identify the important places and perceptions mentioned by travelers on both social media sites. The authors used several approaches for sentiment classification for English and Spanish texts, including deep learning models.

The best results in a test set were obtained using a bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) model for Spanish texts and Tweeteval for English texts, and these were subsequently used to analyze the data sets. It was then possible to identify the most important entities and aspects, and this, in turn, provided interesting insights for researchers, practitioners, travelers and tourism managers so that services could be improved and better marketing strategies formulated.

The authors propose a Spanish-Tourism-BERT model for performing sentiment classification together with a process to find places through hashtags and to reveal the important negative aspects of each place.

The study enables managers and practitioners to implement the Spanish-BERT model with our Spanish Tourism data set that the authors released for adoption in applications to find both positive and negative perceptions.

This study presents a novel approach on how to apply sentiment analysis in the tourism domain. First, the way to evaluate the different existing models and tools is presented; second, a model is trained using BERT (deep learning model); third, an approach of how to identify the acceptance of the places of a destination through hashtags is presented and, finally, the evaluation of why the users express positivity (negativity) through the identification of entities and aspects.

这项工作的主要目的是使用情感分析技术和来自 Twitter 和 Instagram 的数据来分析旅游目的地, 以便找到最具代表性的实体（或地点）和用户的感知（或方面）。

我们使用 90,725 个 Instagram 帖子和 235,755 个 Twitter 推文来分析格拉纳达（西班牙）的旅游业, 以确定旅行者在两个社交媒体网站上提到的重要地点和看法。我们使用了几种方法对英语和西班牙语文本进行情感分类, 包括深度学习模型。

测试集中的最佳结果是使用来自Transformers (BERT) 模型的双向编码器表示 (BERT) 用于西班牙语文本和Tweeteval 用于英语文本, 这些结果随后用于分析我们的数据集。然后可以确定最重要的实体和方面, 这反过来又为研究人员、从业人员、旅行者和旅游管理者提供了有趣的见解, 从而可以改进服务并制定更好的营销策略。

我们提出了一个用于执行情感分类的西班牙旅游 BERT 模型, 以及通过主题标签找到地点并揭示每个地点的重要负面方面的过程。

该研究使管理人员和从业人员能够使用我们发布的西班牙旅游数据集实施西班牙-BERT 模型, 以便在应用程序中采用该数据集, 以找到正面和负面的看法。

本研究提出了一种如何在旅游领域应用情感分析的新方法。首先, 介绍了评估不同现有模型和工具的方法; 其次, 使用 BERT（深度学习模型）训练模型; 第三, 提出了如何通过标签识别目的地地点的接受度的方法, 最后通过实体和方面的识别来评估用户表达积极性（消极性）的原因。

The main aim of this paper is to build an approach to analyze the tourist content posted on social media. The approach incorporates information extraction, cleaning, data processing, descriptive and content analysis and can be used on different social media platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, etc. This work proposes an approach to social media analytics in traveler-generated content (TGC), and the authors use Twitter to apply this study and examine data about the city and the province of Granada.

In order to identify what people are talking and posting on social media about places, events, restaurants, hotels, etc. the authors propose the following approach for data collection, cleaning and data analysis. The authors first identify the main keywords for the place of study. A descriptive analysis is subsequently performed, and this includes post metrics with geo-tagged analysis and user metrics, retweets and likes, comments, videos, photos and followers. The text is then cleaned. Finally, content analysis is conducted, and this includes word frequency calculation, sentiment and emotion detection and word clouds. Topic modeling was also performed with latent Dirichlet association (LDA).

The authors used the framework to collect 262,859 tweets about Granada. The most important hashtags are #Alhambra and #SierraNevada, and the most prolific user is @AlhambraCultura. The approach uses a seasonal context, and the posted tweets are divided into two periods (spring–summer and autumn–winter). Word frequency was calculated and again Granada, Alhambra are the most frequent words in both periods in English and Spanish. The topic models show the subjects that are mentioned in both languages, and although there are certain small differences in terms of language and season, the Alhambra, Sierra Nevada and gastronomy stand out as the most important topics.

Extremely difficult to identify sarcasm, posts may be ambiguous, users may use both Spanish and English words in their tweets and tweets may contain spelling mistakes, colloquialisms or even abbreviations. Multilingualism represents also an important limitation since it is not clear how tweets written in different languages should be processed. The size of the data set is also an important factor since the greater the amount of data, the better the results. One of the largest limitations is the small number of geo-tagged tweets as geo-tagging would provide information about the place where the tweet was posted and opinions of it.

This study proposes an interesting way to analyze social media data, bridging tourism and social media literature in the data analysis context and contributes to discover patterns and features of the tourism destination through social media. The approach used provides the prospective traveler with an overview of the most popular places and the major posters for a particular tourist destination. From a business perspective, it informs managers of the most influential users, and the information obtained can be extremely useful for managing their tourism products in that region.

The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the reorganisation of the Andalusian Parliament's digital library to improve the electronic representation and access of its official corpus by taking advantage of a document's internal organisation. Video recordings of the parliamentary sessions have also been integrated with their corresponding textual transcriptions.

After analysing the state of the Andalusian Parliament's digital library and determining the aspects that could be improved both in the repository and access mechanisms, this paper describes each component of the developed integrated information system.

A methodology has been developed to tackle the problem and this could be applied to other similar institutions and organisations. Exploiting the internal structure of the parliament's official documents has also proved to be extremely interesting for users as they are directed towards the most relevant parts of the documents.

The paper presents an application of an information retrieval system for structured documents to a real framework and the integration of multimedia sources (e.g. text and video) for retrieval purposes.

Drones have become an important element within hospitality and tourism. The purpose of this study is to identify the corpus of knowledge and create a research agenda that establishes appropriate guidelines for future study of drone application in hospitality and tourism.

This work has been undertaken using a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative and qualitative research and includes a review of the literature related to the study of drone use in hospitality and tourism.

The mixed-methods review identified gaps in the research, potential areas of study to enhance the scientific literature and potential uses of drones in tourism and hospitality for researchers, consumers and industry professionals.

This study makes an original contribution by establishing an integrated framework, which led to a synthesis of the research corpus and provided a holistic conceptualisation of the relationship between tourism and drones. In addition, the research agenda proposed will help boost and consolidate this emerging field of research.

无人机已经成为接待和旅游中的一个重要元素。本研究的主要目的是确定知识库, 并建立一个研究议程, 为未来无人机在酒店和旅游业的应用研究建立适当的指导方针。

这项工作采用了混合方法, 将定量和定性研究结合起来, 包括对与酒店和旅游业中无人机使用研究有关的文献进行回顾。

混合方法审查确定了研究中的差距、加强科学文献的潜在研究领域, 以及研究人员、消费者和行业专业人士在旅游和酒店业的无人机应用潜力。

这项研究通过建立一个综合框架做出了原创性的贡献, 它综合合成了研究语料库, 并对旅游和无人机之间的关系提供了一个整体的概念化。此外, 提出的研究议程将有助于促进和巩固这一新兴的研究领域。

Los drones se han convertido en un elemento importante dentro de la hostelería y el turismo. El objetivo principal de este estudio es identificar el corpus de conocimiento y crear una agenda de investigación que establezca las directrices adecuadas para el estudio futuro de la aplicación de los drones en la hostelería y el turismo.

Este trabajo se ha realizado utilizando un enfoque de métodos mixtos que combina la investigación cuantitativa y cualitativa e incluye una revisión de la literatura relacionada con el estudio del uso de drones en hostelería y turismo.

La revisión de métodos mixtos identificó lagunas en la investigación, áreas potenciales de estudio para mejorar la literatura científica y potencial de las aplicaciones de los drones en el turismo y la hostelería para investigadores, consumidores y profesionales del sector.

Este estudio aporta una contribución original al establecer un marco integrado, que conduce a una síntesis del corpus de investigación y proporciona una conceptualización holística de la relación entre el turismo y los drones. Además, la agenda de investigación propuesta contribuirá a impulsar y consolidar este campo de investigación emergente.

Developed collaboratively by the Caldas Coffee Growers’ Committee, the Government of Caldas, university institutions, government agencies and public and private companies, the Rural Education with New School Model is a pedagogical proposal that has brought formal education from pre-school to higher education to rural inhabitants of the department of Caldas, Colombia. The model aims to be flexible and adaptable to the circumstances of children, adolescents and young people in this region of the Eje Cafetero, stimulating the construction of life projects that facilitate and promote their permanence in rural territories. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the scope and limitations of the Escuela Nueva (EN) Rural Education Model in Caldas by describing the general characteristics of the EN, identifying particularities of its implementation and examining the testimonies of graduates of the University in the field. The primary information that feeds the study comes from interviews with young people in various rural localities in the Department of Caldas. The results of the study analyse the possibilities for educational inclusion that the Universidad en el Campo has opened up for young people, as well as the achievements and challenges faced by this model, which has sought to be replicated in other Colombian departments and even in other countries. This chapter’s findings highlight the importance of examining educational experiences developed at the departmental level and the fact that the Rural Education with New School Model offers continuity from pre-school to university level to rural children, adolescents and young people, following certain pedagogical principles. This is uncommon in urban and rural regions of Latin America.

Se Heine non giunse fino a Roma, in compenso vi arrivarono altri non meno illustri tedeschi, il cui genio si immortalò nel campo musicale. Per non parlare di Händel, che visitò Roma nel 1707, nè di Gluck, che vi venne nel 1756, ricorderemoper il'700 — Wolfango Amedeo Mozart e — per 1'800 — Riccardo Wagner.

This article aims to report on the development and validation of a bribery measurement index for the business sector, which, based on institutional theory, seeks to overcome the limitations of traditional measurements, recognizing the dynamics that originate the phenomenon and identifying process components.

To construct the index, correlational and principal component analysis techniques were used, as well as rigorous statistical tests, validating the instrument in a sample of 2,963 companies in Latin America, including Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru.

The result was an instrument composed of two dimensions: (1) anti-bribery game rules, composed of regulations knowledge and anti-bribery efforts, and (2) bribery as a perceived habit, allowing an objective representation of reality due to its internal consistency, concurrent and discriminant validity.

This instrument is one of the few that focuses on measuring bribery in the business sector in terms of corrupt practices, applicable for both public and private institutions to promote game rules against bribery. Additionally, the proposed theoretical model can be used to measure other phenomena with similar characteristics.

This article empirically highlights different variables that make bribery possible. The results can be helpful in the design of strategies to prevent this type of behavior. It also highlights the importance of designing mechanisms to record information related to bribery and the different expressions of corruption in order to explain its different nuances.

Este artículo informa sobre el desarrollo y validación de un índice de medición de soborno para el sector empresarial, que, basado en la teoría institucional, busca superar las limitaciones de las mediciones tradicionales, reconociendo las dinámicas que originan el fenómeno e identificando los componentes del proceso.

Para la construcción del índice se utilizaron técnicas de análisis correlacional y de componentes principales, así como rigurosas pruebas estadísticas, validando el instrumento en una muestra de 2.963 empresas de América Latina, entre ellas Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, México y Perú.

El resultado fue un instrumento compuesto por dos dimensiones: (1) reglas de juego antisoborno, compuestas por conocimiento normativo y esfuerzo antisoborno (2) soborno como hábito percibido, permitiendo una representación objetiva de la realidad debido a su consistencia interna, validez concurrente y discriminante.

Este artículo pone en evidencia empírica diferentes variables que hacen posible el soborno. Los resultados pueden ser útiles en el diseño de estrategias para prevenir este tipo comportamiento, también destaca la importancia de diseñar mecanismos para registrar la información relacionada con la lucha contra el soborno.

Este instrumento es uno de los pocos que se enfoca en medir el soborno en el sector empresarial en términos de prácticas de corrupción, útil para instituciones tanto públicas como privadas para promover mejores reglas de juego en contra del soborno. Adicionalmente el modelo teórico propuesto puede ser utilizado para medir otros fenómenos con características similares.

The Geography of Tourism in Spain is now at a par in terms of its scientific production with other European countries. Since the middle of the '80s the quality and volume of contributions is analogous to the rest of the European Union, although as a part of University Geography in Spain it has not achieved the level of dedication reached by other subjects considering the importance of tourist activities to the economy, the society and the territory of Spain. It could be said that the Geography of Tourism in Spain is in the international vanguard in dealing with Mediterranean coastal tourism, with the relationships between the residential real estate and tourism sectors and with aspects related to tourism and leisure in rural and protected areas.